Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/pluralitybook/plurality

contents/english/2-0-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md

@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ Another path is possible.  Technology and democracy can be each other’s greate
 [^CryptoChallenges]: Ben McKenzie, and Jacob Silverman, _Easy Money: Cryptocurrency, Casino Capitalism, and the Golden Age of Fraud_, (New York: Abrams, 2023); "Financial Stability Board, “Regulation, Supervision and Oversight of Crypto-Asset Activities and Markets Consultative Document,” 2022, https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P111022-3.pdf; Greg Lacurci, “Cryptocurrency Poses a Significant Risk of Tax Evasion,” _CNBC_, May 31, 2021, https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/31/cryptocurrency-poses-a-significant-risk-of-tax-evasion.html; Arianna Trozze, Josh Kamps, Eray Akartuna, Florian Hetzel, Bennett Kleinberg, Toby Davies, and Shane Johnson, “Cryptocurrencies and Future Financial Crime,” _Crime Science_ 11, no. 1 (January 5, 2022), https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00163-8; Baer, Katherine, Ruud  De Mooij, Shafik  Hebous, and Michael Keen, “Crypto Poses Significant Tax Problems—and They Could Get Worse,” _IMF_, July 5, 2023, https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2023/07/05/crypto-poses-significant-tax-problems-and-they-could-get-worse; and “Crypto-Assets: Implications for Financial Stability, Monetary Policy, and Payments and Market Infrastructures.” _ECB Occasional Paper_, no. 223 (May 17, 2019), https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3391055.
 [^TechnologySocietyImpact]: Tristan Harris, “Ethics for Designers — How Technology Hijacks People’s Minds — from a Magician and Google’s Design Ethicist,” Ethics for Designers, March 4, 2017, https://www.ethicsfordesigners.com/articles/how-technology-hijacks-peoples-minds; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LqaotiGWjQ; and Daniel Schmachtenberger, “Explorations on the Future of Civilization,” n.d. https://civilizationemerging.com/.
 [^SurveillanceCapitalism]: Shoshana Zuboff, _The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power_, (New York, NY: PublicAffairs, 2019); Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Evangelos Simoudis, _The Big Data Opportunity in Our Driverless Future_. (Menlo Park, Ca: Corporate Innovators, Llc, 2017); Philippe Aghion, Benjamin Jones, and Charles Jones, “Artificial Intelligence and Economic Growth,” 2017, https://web.stanford.edu/~chadj/AI.pdf; Ford, Martin, _Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future_, (New York: Basic Books, 2015); Kai-Fu Lee, _AI Superpowers China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order_, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); David Brin, _The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose between Privacy and Freedom?_ (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Safiya Noble, _Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism_ (New York: New York University Press, 2018); and Virginia Eubanks, _Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police, and Punish the Poor_, (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2018).
-[^AIChallenges]: Meredith Broussard. _Artificial Unintelligence_: (Boston: The MIT Press, 2018), https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11022.001.0001; Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Ruha Benjamin, “Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code,” _Social Forces_ 98, no. 4 (December 23, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162; Victor Margolin, _The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies_, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002). 
+[^AIChallenges]: Meredith Broussard. _Artificial Unintelligence_: (Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press, 2018), https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11022.001.0001; Cathy O’neil, _Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy_, (New York: Crown, 2016); Ruha Benjamin, “Race after Technology: Abolitionist Tools for the New Jim Code,” _Social Forces_ 98, no. 4 (December 23, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162; Victor Margolin, _The Politics of the Artificial: Essays on Design and Design Studies_, (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2002). 
 [^AIandInequality]: Daron Acemoglu, and Pascual Restrepo, “The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment,” _American Economic Review_ 108, no. 6 (June 2018): 1488–1542. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160696; Jonathan Haskel, and Stian Westlake, “Capitalism without Capital: The Rise of the Intangible Economy (an Excerpt),” _Journal of Economic Sociology_ 22, no. 1 (2021): 61–70, https://doi.org/10.17323/1726-3247-2021-1-61-70; Ajay Agrawal, Joshua Gans, Avi Goldfarb, and Catherine Tucker, _The Economics of Artificial Intelligence_, (Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 2024).
 [^MarketPower]:  Jan De Loecker, Jan Eeckhout, and Gabriel Unger. “The Rise of Market Power and the Macroeconomic Implications,” _The Quarterly Journal of Economics_ 135, no. 2 (January 23, 2020): 561–644, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz041; John Barrios, Yael V. Hochberg, and Hanyi Yi. “The Cost of Convenience: Ridehailing and Traffic Fatalities,” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2019, https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3361227; and Tali Kristal, “The Capitalist Machine: Computerization, Workers’ Power, and the Decline in Labor’s Share within U.S. Industries,” _American Sociological Review_ 78, no. 3 (May 29, 2013): 361–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122413481351. 
 [^AuthoritarianTech]: Kai-Fu Lee, _AI Superpowers China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order_, (Boston Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018); Bruce Dickson, _The Dictator’s Dilemma: The Chinese Communist Party’s Strategy for Survival_, (Oxford, England, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Nick Couldry, and Ulises Mejias, “Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data’s Relation to the Contemporary Subject,” _Television & New Media_ 20, no. 4 (September 2, 2019): 336–49. Steven Feldstein, _The Rise of Digital Repression: How Technology Is Reshaping Power, Politics, and Resistance_, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2021). 
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ OECD. “OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators,” OECD, March 2022. https
 [^TechInvestmentPRC]: See Rogier Creemers, Hunter Dorwart, Kevin Neville, Kendra Schaefer, Johanna Costigan, and Graham Webster, “Translation: 14th Five-Year Plan for National Informatization – Dec. 2021.” _DigiChina_, January 24, 2022, https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/translation-14th-five-year-plan-for-national-informatization-dec-2021/.
 [^SingleRating]: See, for, instance, John, Alun, Samuel Shen, and Tom Wilson. “China’s Top Regulators Ban Crypto Trading and Mining, Sending Bitcoin Tumbling.” _Reuters_, September 24, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-central-bank-vows-crackdown-cryptocurrency-trading-2021-09-24/. See also Bernhard Bartsch, Martin Gottske, and Christian Eisenberg, “China’s Social Credit System,” n.d., https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/aam/Asia-Book_A_03_China_Social_Credit_System.pdf.
 [^ScienceFiction]: Ursula K. LeGuin, *The Dispossessed: An Ambiguous Utopia* (New York: Harper & Row, 1974). Octavia E. Butler, *Wild Seed* (New York: Doubleday, 1980). Marge Piercy, *Woman on the Edge of Time* (New York: Knopf, 1976). Karl Schroeder, "Degrees of Freedom" in Ed Finn and Kathryn Cramer eds. *Hieroglyph: Stories & Visions for a Better Future* (New York: William Morrow, 2014). Karl Schroeder, *Stealing Worlds* (New York: Tor Books, 2019)   Annalee Newitz, *The Future of Another Timeline* (New York: Tor Books, 2019). Cory Doctorow, *Walkaway* (New York: Tor Books, 2017). Malka Older, *Infomocracy* (New York: Tor Books, 2016). Naomi Alderman, *The Power*, (New York:Viking, 2017) Cixin Liu, *The Three-Body Problem* (New York: Tor Books, 2014) Paolo Bacigalupi, *The Windup Girl* (New York: Start Publishing LLC, 2009). Neal Stephenson, *The Diamond Age* (New York: Spectra, 2003). William Gibson, *The Peripheral* (New York: Berkley, 2019).
-[^STS]: Jacques Ellul, *The Technological Society* (New York: Vintage Books, 1964). Paul Hoch, Donald MacKenzie, and Judy Wajcman, “The Social Shaping of Technology,” *Technology and Culture* 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 132 https://doi.org/10.2307/3105489. Andrew Pickering, “The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future,” *Kybernetes* 40, no. 1/2 (March 15, 2011) https://doi.org/10.1108/k.2011.06740aae.001. Deborah Douglas, Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, *The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology* (Boston: MIT Press, 2012), available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjrsq. Charles C. Mann, *1491: New Revelation of the Americas Before Columbus* (New York: Knopf, 2005).
+[^STS]: Jacques Ellul, *The Technological Society* (New York: Vintage Books, 1964). Paul Hoch, Donald MacKenzie, and Judy Wajcman, “The Social Shaping of Technology,” *Technology and Culture* 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 132 https://doi.org/10.2307/3105489. Andrew Pickering, “The Cybernetic Brain: Sketches of Another Future,” *Kybernetes* 40, no. 1/2 (March 15, 2011) https://doi.org/10.1108/k.2011.06740aae.001. Deborah Douglas, Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, *The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology* (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2012), available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjrsq. Charles C. Mann, *1491: New Revelation of the Americas Before Columbus* (New York: Knopf, 2005).
 [^PowerProgress]: Daron  Acemoglu and Simon Johnson, *Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle over Technology and Prosperity* (New York: PublicAffairs, 2023).
 [^GartnerReport]: According to a report by the research and advisory company, Gartner, worldwide government spending on AI is expected to reach 37 billion in 2021, a 22.4% increase from the previous year. - China leads the world in AI investment: Chinese companies invested 25 billion in AI in 2017, compared to 9.7 billion in the US. In 2021, the US Senate passed a 250 billion bill that includes $52 billion for semiconductor research and development, which is expected to boost the country's AI capabilities.  Additionally, in the same year, the European Union announced an 8.3 billion investment in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, and supercomputers as part of its Digital Decade plan. In 2021, the Bank of Japan started experimenting with central bank digital currency (CBDC) and China's central bank launched a digital yuan trial program in several cities.
 [^NavigatingtheGeopoliticsofInnovation]: Omoaholo Omoakhalen, “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa,” Remake Africa Consulting, December 2023, https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf.