Merge branch 'main' of https://github.com/pluralitybook/plurality

contents/english/0-1-About-the-authors.md

@@ -1,10 +1,28 @@
-| ![image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/author-Glen.png)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | ![image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/author-Audrey.png)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
-| :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | :---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| [E. Glen Weyl](https://www.glenweyl.com) is Founder of [RadicalxChange](https://www.radicalxchange.org),  [Microsoft Research](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/)'s [Plural Technology Collaboratory](https://aka.ms/plural) & [Plurality Institute](https://plurality.institute) & co-author of *[Radical Markets](https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691177502/radical-markets)*. | [Audrey Tang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Tang) is the inaugural [Minister of Digital Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Affairs_(Taiwan)) in [🇹🇼](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan) & the inaugural [🏳️‍⚧️](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_flag) minister in the [🌐](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders). |
+<table style="width: 100%; table-layout: fixed;">
+  <tr>
+    <td style="width: 50%; text-align: center;">
+      <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/author-Glen.png" alt="image" height="220" text-align:="center">
+    </td>
+    <td style="width: 50%; text-align: center;">
+      <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/author-Audrey.png" alt="image" height="220">
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+  <tr>
+    <td style="vertical-align:top;">
+      <a href="https://www.glenweyl.com">E. Glen Weyl</a> is Founder of <a href="https://www.radicalxchange.org">RadicalxChange</a>,  <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/">Microsoft Research</a>'s <a href="https://aka.ms/plural">Plural Technology Collaboratory</a> & <a href="https://plurality.institute">Plurality Institute</a> & co-author of <em><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691177502/radical-markets">Radical Markets</a></em>.
+    </td>
+    <td style="vertical-align:top;">
+      <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Tang">Audrey Tang</a> is the inaugural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Digital_Affairs_(Taiwan)">Minister of Digital Affairs</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan">🇹🇼</a> & the inaugural <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_transgender_political_office-holders">🏳️‍⚧️</a> minister in the 🌐.
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+<br></br>
 
 <div align="center">
 
 ![image](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/author-Community.png)
 
 This book is open-source and its contents may be freely copied, with or without attribution.  In addition to the primary named authors, dozens of members of the ⿻ community around the world contributed to the book, doing most of the total work.  These contributors are listed on the next page and represented in this machine-generated blending of their faces, tiled by their individual faces.  The free online version of this book at [https://www.plurality.net/](https://www.plurality.net/) will continue to evolve, governed according to the principles described in this book by this community.
 </div>
+    </center>

contents/english/3-2-connected-society.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-b# Connected Society
+# Connected Society
 
 > Industry and inventions in technology, for example, create means which alter the modes of associated behavior and which radically change the quantity, character and place of impact of their indirect consequences. These changes are extrinsic to political forms which, once established, persist of their own momentum. The new public which is generated remains long inchoate, unorganized, because it cannot use inherited political agencies. The latter, if elaborate and well institutionalized, obstruct the organization of the new public. They prevent that development of new forms of the state which might grow up rapidly were social life more fluid, less precipitated into set political and legal molds. To form itself, the public has to break existing political forms. This is hard to do because these forms are themselves the regular means of instituting change. The public which generated political forms is passing away, but the power and lust of possession remains in the hands of the officers and agencies which the dying public instituted. This is why the change of the form of states is so often effected only by revolution. — John Dewey, *The Public and its Problems*, 1927[^Public]
 
@@ -69,6 +69,7 @@ In fact these institutions were core to what allowed modern, wealthy, liberal de
 ### Henry George and the networked value
 
 We remember Karl Marx and Adam Smith more sharply, but the social thinker that may have had the greatest influence during and immediately following his lifetime was Henry George.[^Englandbio]  Author of the for-years best-selling book in English other than the Bible, *[Progress and Poverty](https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/george-progress-and-poverty)*, George inspired or arguably founded many of the most successful political movements and even cultural artifacts of the early twentieth century including:[^PP]
+
 * the American center-left, as a nearly-successful United Labor candidate for Mayor of New York City; 
 * the Progressive and social gospel movements, which both traced their names to his work;
 * Tridemism, which, as we saw above in our chapter [A View from Yushan](https://www.plurality.net/v/chapters/2-1/eng/?mode=dark), had its economic leg firmly founded in Georgism;

contents/english/3-3-the-lost-dao.md

@@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ Baran argued that while centralized switchboards achieved high reliability at lo
 Despite the apparent threat it posed to that private interest, packet switching caught the positive attention of another organization that owed its genesis to the threat of devastating attacks: ARPA. At a 1967 conference, ARPANET's first program manager, Lawrence Roberts, learned of packet switching through a presentation by Donald Davies, who concurrently and independently developed the same idea as Baran, and drew on Baran's arguments that he soon learned of to sell the concept to the team.  Figure A shows the decentralized logical structure of early ARPANET that resulted
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/3-3-arpanet.png" width="100%" alt="The decentralized logical structure of early ARPANET. 
- ">
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/3-3-arpanet.png" width="100%" alt="The decentralized logical structure of early ARPANET." />
 
  **<figcaption>Figure 3-3-A. Early logical structure of ARPANET. Source: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET#/media/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png), public domain.</figcaption>**
  </figure>
@@ -98,8 +97,7 @@ This culture manifested in the development of the "Request for Comments" (RFC) p
 Much of what resulted from this project is so broadly known it hardly bears repeating here. During the 1970's, Taylor's Xerox PARC produced a series of expensive, and thus commercially unsuccessful, but revolutionary "personal workstations" that incorporated much of what became the personal computer of the 1990s. At the same time, as computer components were made available to broader populations, businesses like Apple and Microsoft began to make cheaper and less user-friendly machines available broadly. Struggling to commercialize its inventions, Xerox allowed Apple Co-Founder Steve Jobs access to its technology in exchange for a stake, resulting in the Macintosh's ushering in of modern personal computing and Microsoft's subsequent mass scaling through their Windows operating system. By 2000, a majority of Americans had a personal computer in their homes.  Internet use has steadily spread, as pictured in Figure B.
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/data/share_online/share_online.png" width="100%" alt="The rapid rise in the past few decades of the share of the population online. 
- ">
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/data/share_online/share_online.png" width="100%" alt="The rapid rise in the past few decades of the share of the population online." />
 
  **<figcaption>Figure 3-3-B. Population share with internet access over time in the world and various regions. Source: Our World in Data.[^WiD]</figcaption>**
  </figure>
@@ -157,8 +155,7 @@ While the internet backbone continued to improve in limited ways, adding securit
 Yet faded dreams have a stubborn persistence, nagging throughout a day. While Lick passed away in 1990, many of the early internet pioneers lived to see their triumph and tragedy.
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/3-3-TedNelson.jpeg" width="100%" alt="Ted Nelson at Keio University, Japan, 1999. 
- ">
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/3-3-TedNelson.jpeg" width="100%" alt="Ted Nelson at Keio University, Japan, 1999." />
 
  **<figcaption>Figure 3-3-C. Ted Nelson at Keio University, Japan, 1999. Source: [Wikipedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ted-nelson-1999.jpg), used under CC  4.0 BY-SA.</figcaption>**
  </figure>
@@ -182,7 +179,7 @@ While Wikis themselves have found significant applications, they have had an eve
 [^Japan]: [Scrapbox](https://scrapbox.io/product), a combination of real-time editor with a wiki system, is utilized by the Japanese forum of this book. Visitors of the forum can read the drafts and add questions, explanations, or links to related topics in real time. This interactive environment supports activities like book reading events, where participants can write questions, engage in oral discussions, or take minutes of these discussions. The feature to rename keywords while maintaining the network structure helps the unification of variations in terminology and provides a process to find the good translation. As more people read through, a network of knowledge is nurtured to aid the understanding of subsequent readers.
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/data/oss_impact.gif" width="100%" alt="Gif showing the share of working age population that are contributors to open source software overtime by countries of the work over the last few years.  Share rises from about 1 to 2% in most countries and concentrates in North America, Europe, Oceania and East Asia, especially Taiwan. 
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/data/oss_impact/oss_impact.gif" width="100%" alt="Gif showing the share of working age population that are contributors to open source software overtime by countries of the work over the last few years.  Share rises from about 1 to 2% in most countries and concentrates in North America, Europe, Oceania and East Asia, especially Taiwan. 
  ">
 
  **<figcaption>Figure 3-3-D. GitHub contributors as share of working-age population by country. Source: GitHub Innovation Graph[^GHgraph], World Bank[^WB] and Taiwan Ministry of Interior[^TaiwanMI]   .</figcaption>**

contents/english/4-0-rights-os-and-⿻-freedom.md

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ OSs roughly define the possibility space for applications that run on them. Ther
 Boundaries are rarely sharp. While [Macintosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_(computer)) was the first mass-market computer with a graphical user interface ([GUI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface)) OS
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/4-0-macintosh.jpeg" width="100%" alt=Apple LISA II Macintosh-XL, one of the first commercially available graphical user interface computers.">
+<img src="../../figs/4-0-macintosh.jpeg" width="100%" alt="Apple LISA II Macintosh-XL, one of the first commercially available graphical user interface computers." />
 **<figcaption>Figure 4-0-A. Apple LISA II Macintosh-XL, one of the first commercially available personal computers using a graphical user interface.  Source: bGerhard »GeWalt« Walter, retrieved from [Wikipedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Apple-LISA-Macintosh-XL.jpg). CC0. </figcaption>**
 </figure>
 <br></br>

contents/english/4-1-identity-and-personhood.md

@@ -224,5 +224,5 @@ on Social Security, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives). See
 [^OAuth]:OAuth 2.0 is the industry-standard protocol for authorization and provides specific authorization flows for web applications, desktop applications, mobile phones, and living room devices.  https://oauth.net/2/ IETF Working Group https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/oauth/about/
 [^OpenID]: OpenID Connect enables application and website developers to launch sign-in flows and receive verifiable assertions about users across Web-based, mobile, and JavaScript clients. https://openid.net/developers/how-connect-works/
 [^Zuboff]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism
-[^UIDAI] The official UIDAI site https://uidai.gov.in/en/
-[^Inji] Inji is a user-centric digital credential stack in MOSIP for all types of credentials and identification solutions.  https://docs.mosip.io/inji/
+[^UIDAI]: The official UIDAI site https://uidai.gov.in/en/
+[^Inji]: Inji is a user-centric digital credential stack in MOSIP for all types of credentials and identification solutions.  https://docs.mosip.io/inji/

contents/english/4-2-association-and-⿻-publics.md

@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@ Building on top of this foundation and branching out from it, a number of powerf
 - [Confidential computing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidential_computing): This solution to similar problems as above is less dependent on cryptography and instead accomplishes similar goals with "air gapped" digital systems that have various physical impediments to leaking information.
 - [Differential privacy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_privacy): This measures the extent to which disclosures of the output of a computation might unintentionally leak sensitive information that entered the calculation.[^diff]  Technologists have developed techniques to guarantee such leaks will not occur, typically by adding noise to disclosures.  For example, the US Census is legally required both to disclose summary statistics to guide public policy and keep source data confidential, aims that have recently been jointly satisfied using mechanisms that ensure differential privacy.
 - [Federated learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federated_learning): Less a fundamental privacy technique than a sophisticated application and combination of other techniques, federated learning is a method to train and evaluate large machine learning models on data physically located in dispersed ways.[^Federated]
+
 [^Benaloh]: Josh Daniel Cohen Benaloh, *Verifiable Secret-Ballot Elections*, Yale University Dissertation (1987) at https://www.proquest.com/openview/05248eca4597fec343d8b46cb2bef724/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
 [^Undeniable]: David Chaum and Hans van Antwerpen, "Undeniable Signatures" *Advances in Cryptology -- CRYPTO' 89 Proceedings* 435: 212-216 https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-34805-0_20.
 [^diff]: Cynthia Dwork, Frank McSherry, Kobbi Nissim and Adam Smith, "Calibrating Noise to Sensitivity in Private Data Analysis", *Theory of Cryptography* (2006): 265-284.

contents/english/4-3-commerce-and-trust.md

@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ Until roughly the last decade, this constellation covered most transactions. A m
 ### Digital money and privacy
 
 <figure>
-<img src="../../figs/4-3-bitcoin.png" width="100%" alt="Simple user interface for use of early BitCoin.">
+<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/pluralitybook/plurality/main/figs/4-3-bitcoin.png" width="100%" alt="Simple user interface for use of early BitCoin.">
 
 **<figcaption> Figure 4-3-A. An early implementation of Bitcoin code. Source: [Wikipedia](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bitcoin-0.3.23_screenshot.png), public domain. </figcaption>**
 </figure>