Merge pull request #599 from Omoaholo/patch-20

Update 4-3-commerce-and-trust.md

contents/english/4-3-commerce-and-trust.md

@@ -147,18 +147,14 @@ In these cases under conditions of supermodular production and social consumptio
 
 ### Commerce in a ⿻ society
 
-      In particular, establishing trust, credit and value across long social distances lies at the core of both the identity systems we described previously and the systems of contracting and asset use that we focus on in the next chapter.  Identity systems are about trusting/credit claims made by someone about a third party.  Anyone who accepts an arbitrary number of such claims from someone they do not know well exposes themselves to potentially devastating attacks.  On the other hand, accepting some claims about relatively unimportant matters from a less trustworthy source is not too risky.  The trust established by a network of verifiers in an identity system is thus *quantitative* and thus depends on quantification of trust, and consequences for betraying this trust, in networks, precisely the sort of system we described here.  At the same time, clearly these systems depend on the technologies of identity and association we developed in the previous chapters, to underpin the definition and information structures of the communities and people who form the network of commercial relationships described here. And, as we will now explore, all are critical to the joint use, contracting over and enterprise harnessing the critical assets of the digital age: computation, storage and data.
+      In particular, establishing trust, credit and value across long social distances lies at the core of both the identity systems we described previously and the systems of contracting and asset use that we focus on in the next chapter.  Identity systems are about trusting/credit claims made by someone about a third party.  Anyone who accepts an arbitrary number of such claims from someone they do not know well exposes themselves to potentially devastating attacks.  On the other hand, accepting some claims about relatively unimportant matters from a less trustworthy source is not too risky.  The trust established by a network of verifiers in an identity system is thus *quantitative* and thus depends on quantification of trust, and consequences for betraying this trust, in networks, precisely the sort of system we described here.  At the same time, clearly these systems depend on the technologies of identity and association we developed in the previous chapters, to underpin the definition and information structures of the communities and people who form the network of commercial relationships described here. And, as we will now explore, all are critical to the joint use, contracting over and enterprise harnessing the critical assets of the digital age: computation, storage and data. These ideas should be of particular interest to African communities in which trust-based pluralistic and "open source" social systems, interacting with mobile and digital technologies, indigenously invented the concept of mobile money, and set the pace for a burgeoning fintech industries [^AfricaInnovation] while grappling with identification system gaps[IdentificationAfrica].  
 
 
 
-
-[^Disc0403]: In fact, the primary financial support for one of the author's personal finances and our joint charitable pursuits came  from gains in cryptocurrencies.
-[^Debt]: Graeber, *Debt: The First 5000 Years*, and the books by the other authors (*Currency and Credit*, *Credit and State Theories of Money*, *The Nature of Money* and *Money has no Value*)
-
-[^IBRD]:  The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank (5 May 2013). "Global Payment Systems Survey (GPSS)". (from wikipdeia = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_clearing_house#cite_note-IBRDGPSS2012-10) 
-
-[^Swift]: Scott, Susan V.; Zachariadis, Markos (2014). The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift) : cooperative governance for network innovation, standards, and community. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 1, 35. doi:10.4324/9781315849324. ISBN 978-1-317-90952-1. OCLC 862930816.
-
-[^Swift2]:  Arnold, Martin (6 June 2018). "Ripple and Swift slug it out over cross-border payments". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
-
-[^supermodular]: Divya Siddarth, Matthew Prewitt, Glen Weyl, "Beyond Public and Private - Collective Provision Under Conditions of Supermodularity" https://cip.org/supermodular
+[^Debt]: David Graeber, _Debt: The First 5,000 Years_, (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2014). See also Ralph Hawtrey, _Currency and Credit_, (London, Longmans, 1919); Larry Randall Wray, and Alfred Mitchell Innes, _Credit and State Theories of Money: The Contributions of A. Mitchell Innes_, (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2014); and Samuel Chambers, _Money Has No Value_, (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2023).
+[^IBRD]:  “Global Payment Systems Survey (GPSS),” World Bank, January 26, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialinclusion/brief/gpss#:~:text=The%20Global%20Payment%20Systems%20Survey%20%28GPSS%29%2C%20conducted%20by.
+[^Swift]: Susan Scott, and Markos Zachariadis, _The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (Swift)_: _Cooperative Governance for Network Innovation, Standards, and Community_, (New York, NY: Routledge), pp. 1, 35, doi:10.4324/9781315849324.
+[^Swift2]: Martin Arnold, “Ripple and Swift Slug It out over Cross-Border Payments,” _Financial Times_, June 6, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/631af8cc-47cc-11e8-8c77-ff51caedcde6.
+[^supermodular]: Divya Siddarth, Matthew Prewitt, and Glen Weyl, “Supermodular,” The Collective Intelligence Project, 2023. https://cip.org/supermodular.
+[^AfricaInnovation]: Omoaholo Omoakhalen, “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa,” Remake Africa Consulting, 2023, https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf.
+[IdentificationAfrica]: “The State of Identification Systems in Africa.” World Bank Group, 2017, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/5f0f3977-838c-5ce3-af9d-5b6d6efb5910/content.