feat(stdlibs): add math/overflow (gnolang#1698)

## Description

This PR ports over the overflow stdlib to Gno. The addition of this
library will enable adding Coin functionality already existing in tm2's
[coin.go](https://github.com/gnolang/gno/blob/master/tm2/pkg/std/coin.go)
the
[Coin/Coins](https://github.com/gnolang/gno/blob/master/gnovm/stdlibs/std/coins.gno)
in Gno.

The tests pass fully, and the library was simply copy-pasted.

As per the conversation below, this PR also deprecates/removes the
`examples/` package for `overflow`, as it makes more sense to have
`overflow` be a part of stdlibs.

This will unblock gnolang#1696.

cc @thehowl

<details><summary>Contributors' checklist...</summary>

- [x] Added new tests, or not needed, or not feasible
- [x] Provided an example (e.g. screenshot) to aid review or the PR is
self-explanatory
- [x] Updated the official documentation or not needed
- [x] No breaking changes were made, or a `BREAKING CHANGE: xxx` message
was included in the description
- [x] Added references to related issues and PRs
- [x] Provided any useful hints for running manual tests
- [ ] Added new benchmarks to [generated
graphs](https://gnoland.github.io/benchmarks), if any. More info
[here](https://github.com/gnolang/gno/blob/master/.benchmarks/README.md).
</details>

---------

Co-authored-by: Hariom Verma <[email protected]>

examples/gno.land/p/demo/groups/gno.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 module gno.land/p/demo/groups
 
 require (
-	gno.land/p/demo/maths v0.0.0-latest
+	gno.land/p/demo/rat v0.0.0-latest
 	gno.land/r/demo/boards v0.0.0-latest
 )

examples/gno.land/p/demo/groups/vote_set.gno

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"std"
 	"time"
 
-	"gno.land/p/demo/maths"
+	"gno.land/p/demo/rat"
 )
 
 //----------------------------------------
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ func (vlist *VoteList) CountVotes(target string) int {
 // Committee
 
 type Committee struct {
-	Quorum    maths.Rat
-	Threshold maths.Rat
+	Quorum    rat.Rat
+	Threshold rat.Rat
 	Addresses std.AddressSet
 }
 

examples/gno.land/p/demo/rat/gno.mod

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+module gno.land/p/demo/rat

examples/gno.land/p/demo/maths/maths.gno → examples/gno.land/p/demo/rat/maths.gno

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package maths
+package rat
 
 const (
 	intSize = 32 << (^uint(0) >> 63) // 32 or 64

examples/gno.land/p/demo/maths/rat.gno → examples/gno.land/p/demo/rat/rat.gno

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package maths
+package rat
 
 //----------------------------------------
 // Rat fractions

examples/gno.land/p/demo/maths/overflow.gno → gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow.gno

@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@
 // NOTE: there was a bug with the original Quotient* functions, and
 // testing method. These have been fixed here, and tests ported to
 // tests/files/maths_int*.go respectively.
-// TODO: make PR upstream.
-package maths
+// Note: moved over from p/demo/maths.
 
 /*
 Package overflow offers overflow-checked integer arithmetic operations
@@ -24,12 +23,16 @@ overflow.Add(math.MaxInt64,1) -> (0, false)
 Add, Sub, Mul, Div are for int.  Add64, Add32, etc. are specifically sized.
 
 If anybody wishes an unsigned version, submit a pull request for code
-and new tests. */
+and new tests.
+*/
+package overflow
+
+import "math"
 
 //go:generate ./overflow_template.sh
 
 func _is64Bit() bool {
-	maxU32 := uint(MaxUint32)
+	maxU32 := uint(math.MaxUint32)
 	return ((maxU32 << 1) >> 1) == maxU32
 }
 
@@ -220,7 +223,7 @@ func Div8p(a, b int8) int8 {
 func Quo8(a, b int8) (int8, int8, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == MinInt8 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt8 {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b
@@ -310,7 +313,7 @@ func Div16p(a, b int16) int16 {
 func Quo16(a, b int16) (int16, int16, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == MinInt16 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt16 {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b
@@ -400,7 +403,7 @@ func Div32p(a, b int32) int32 {
 func Quo32(a, b int32) (int32, int32, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == MinInt32 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt32 {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b
@@ -490,7 +493,7 @@ func Div64p(a, b int64) int64 {
 func Quo64(a, b int64) (int64, int64, bool) {
 	if b == 0 {
 		return 0, 0, false
-	} else if b == -1 && a == MinInt64 {
+	} else if b == -1 && a == math.MinInt64 {
 		return 0, 0, false
 	}
 	c := a / b

gnovm/stdlibs/math/overflow/overflow_test.gno

@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+package overflow
+
+import (
+	"math"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// sample all possibilities of 8 bit numbers
+// by checking against 64 bit numbers
+
+func TestAlgorithms(t *testing.T) {
+	errors := 0
+
+	for a64 := int64(math.MinInt8); a64 <= int64(math.MaxInt8); a64++ {
+		for b64 := int64(math.MinInt8); b64 <= int64(math.MaxInt8) && errors < 10; b64++ {
+
+			a8 := int8(a64)
+			b8 := int8(b64)
+
+			if int64(a8) != a64 || int64(b8) != b64 {
+				t.Fatal("LOGIC FAILURE IN TEST")
+			}
+
+			// ADDITION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 + b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Add8(a8, b8)
+				if ok && int64(result) != r64 {
+					t.Errorf("failed to fail on %v + %v = %v instead of %v\n",
+						a8, b8, result, r64)
+					errors++
+				}
+				if !ok && int64(result) == r64 {
+					t.Fail()
+					errors++
+				}
+			}
+
+			// SUBTRACTION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 - b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Sub8(a8, b8)
+				if ok && int64(result) != r64 {
+					t.Errorf("failed to fail on %v - %v = %v instead of %v\n",
+						a8, b8, result, r64)
+				}
+				if !ok && int64(result) == r64 {
+					t.Fail()
+					errors++
+				}
+			}
+
+			// MULTIPLICATION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 * b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Mul8(a8, b8)
+				if ok && int64(result) != r64 {
+					t.Errorf("failed to fail on %v * %v = %v instead of %v\n",
+						a8, b8, result, r64)
+					errors++
+				}
+				if !ok && int64(result) == r64 {
+					t.Fail()
+					errors++
+				}
+			}
+
+			// DIVISION
+			if b8 != 0 {
+				r64 := a64 / b64
+				rem64 := a64 % b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, rem, ok := Quo8(a8, b8)
+				if ok && int64(result) != r64 {
+					t.Errorf("failed to fail on %v / %v = %v instead of %v\n",
+						a8, b8, result, r64)
+					errors++
+				}
+				if ok && int64(rem) != rem64 {
+					t.Errorf("failed to fail on %v %% %v = %v instead of %v\n",
+						a8, b8, rem, rem64)
+					errors++
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestQuotient(t *testing.T) {
+	q, r, ok := Quo(100, 3)
+	if r != 1 || q != 33 || !ok {
+		t.Errorf("expected 100/3 => 33, r=1")
+	}
+	if _, _, ok = Quo(1, 0); ok {
+		t.Error("unexpected lack of failure")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestLong(t *testing.T) {
+	if testing.Short() {
+		t.Skip()
+	}
+
+	ctr := int64(0)
+
+	for a64 := int64(math.MinInt16); a64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16); a64++ {
+		for b64 := int64(math.MinInt16); b64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16); b64++ {
+			a16 := int16(a64)
+			b16 := int16(b64)
+			if int64(a16) != a64 || int64(b16) != b64 {
+				panic("LOGIC FAILURE IN TEST")
+			}
+			ctr++
+
+			// ADDITION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 + b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Add16(a16, b16)
+				if int64(math.MinInt16) <= r64 && r64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16) {
+					if !ok || int64(result) != r64 {
+						println("add", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect result for non-overflow")
+					}
+				} else {
+					if ok {
+						println("add", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect ok result")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// SUBTRACTION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 - b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Sub16(a16, b16)
+				if int64(math.MinInt16) <= r64 && r64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16) {
+					if !ok || int64(result) != r64 {
+						println("sub", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect result for non-overflow")
+					}
+				} else {
+					if ok {
+						println("sub", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect ok result")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// MULTIPLICATION
+			{
+				r64 := a64 * b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, ok := Mul16(a16, b16)
+				if int64(math.MinInt16) <= r64 && r64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16) {
+					if !ok || int64(result) != r64 {
+						println("mul", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect result for non-overflow")
+					}
+				} else {
+					if ok {
+						println("mul", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect ok result")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+
+			// DIVISION
+			if b16 != 0 {
+				r64 := a64 / b64
+
+				// now the verification
+				result, _, ok := Quo16(a16, b16)
+				if int64(math.MinInt16) <= r64 && r64 <= int64(math.MaxInt16) {
+					if !ok || int64(result) != r64 {
+						println("quo", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect result for non-overflow")
+					}
+				} else {
+					if ok {
+						println("quo", a16, b16, result, r64)
+						panic("incorrect ok result")
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	println("done", ctr)
+}