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Expand Up @@ -12,17 +12,17 @@ The Frontier release marked the launch of the Ethereum Protocol. The release was

Learn more about Frontier in the following resources:

- https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/07/22/frontier-is-coming-what-to-expect-and-how-to-prepare
- https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/the-thawing-frontier
- https://web.archive.org/web/20150802035735/https://www.ethereum.org/
- https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/ethereum-protocol-update-1
- [Frontier is coming, whaat to expect and how to prepare](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/07/22/frontier-is-coming-what-to-expect-and-how-to-prepare)
- [The thawing frontier](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/the-thawing-frontier)
- [ethereum.org web archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20150802035735/https://www.ethereum.org/)
- [ethereum-protocol-update-1](https://blog.ethereum.org/2015/08/04/ethereum-protocol-update-1)

## Homestead

Homestead was the second major release of the Ethereum protocol, officially released on March 14, 2016, marking Ethereum’s transition from a beta phase to a more mature and stable platform.
Here are some of the notable features and changes introduced during the Homestead phase:

- [EIP-2](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.md): Homestead Hard-fork Changes
- [EIP-2](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-2.md): EIP-2 contained numerous fixes, such as increasing the gas cost for contract creation via transactions, ensuring that contract creation either succeeded or failed (preventing empty contracts from being created), and modifications to the difficulty adjustment algorithm.

1. **Increased gas cost for contract creation:**
The gas cost for creating contracts via a transaction was increased from 21,000 to 53,000.
Expand All @@ -37,14 +37,14 @@ Here are some of the notable features and changes introduced during the Homestea
The difficulty adjustment algorithm was modified to address issues observed in the Frontier phase.
The new formula aimed to maintain the targeted block time and prevent excessive deviation by adjusting the difficulty based on the timestamp difference between blocks.

- [EIP-7](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-7.md): `DELEGATECALL`
- [EIP-7](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-7.md): EIP-7 introduced the `DELEGATECALL` opcode.

A new opcode, `DELEGATECALL`, was added at `0xf4`.
It functions similarly to `CALLCODE`, but propagates the sender and value from the parent scope to the child scope.
Propagating the sender and value makes it easier for contracts to store another address as a mutable source of code and "pass through" calls to it.
Unlike the `CALL` opcode, there is no additional stipend of gas added, which makes gas management more predictable.

- [EIP-8](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-8.md): devp2p Forward Compatibility Requirements for Homestead
- [EIP-8](https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-8.md): EIP-8 ensures that clients on Ethereum support future network upgrades by introducing devp2p forward compatibility requirements.

The **devp2p Wire Protocol**, **RLPx Discovery Protocol**, and **RLPx TCP Transport Protocol** specify that implementations should be liberal in accepting packets by ignoring version numbers and additional list elements in hello and ping packets, discarding unknown packet types silently, and accepting new encodings for encrypted key establishment handshake packets.
This ensures all client software can cope with future protocol upgrades and will accept handshakes, allowing liberal acceptance of data from others (see [Postel's Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robustness_principle)).
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