[CLIENT-3106] aerospike.exception: create a Python dict that maps as_status error codes to Aerospike exception classes to speed up raising exceptions

[juliannguyen4]

Missing test coverage:

• Exception for error code returned by the C client was not found, so use AerospikeError as the default exception

Extra changes:

• Remove unused header file exception_types.h
• in_doubt attribute is now included with all exception classes by default, instead of only when the client raises an AerospikeError
• Fix bug when operate() throws an exception and deletes the "bin" attribute from the exception class

TODO

• Last left off at client/info.c

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 71.87500% with 45 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 81.01%. Comparing base (d1e7bc2) to head (cbe2967).
Report is 13 commits behind head on dev.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/main/exception.c	70.19%	31 Missing ⚠️
src/main/client/info.c	33.33%	6 Missing ⚠️
src/main/query/where.c	0.00%	3 Missing ⚠️
src/main/client/sec_index.c	50.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/main/scan/apply.c	0.00%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/main/client/batch_get_ops.c	0.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##              dev     #663      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   80.96%   81.01%   +0.04%     
==========================================
  Files         100      100              
  Lines       15130    14972     -158     
==========================================
- Hits        12250    12129     -121     
+ Misses       2880     2843      -37     

Flag	Coverage Δ
	81.01% <71.87%> (?)

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