From 185d2df8526a588115c72655ec55898d490e9032 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Audrey Tang Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 14:34:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 1/5] * make pdf pipeline compatible with newly added emojis --- noto-emoji/1f310.pdf | Bin 0 -> 3620 bytes noto-emoji/1f310.svg | 81 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl | 7 ++++ scripts/make-book.pl | 7 ++++ 4 files changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 noto-emoji/1f310.pdf create mode 100644 noto-emoji/1f310.svg diff --git a/noto-emoji/1f310.pdf b/noto-emoji/1f310.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c52f8205f8747c5cb26c4d9fa6f76262dd715dd8 GIT binary patch literal 3620 zcma)92|QHWA16shBH~5jW+@_bXU1&((X(%9G?v%1#F!alG-jq*%35f9mMkwth_+WL zc}ljH7Z3Gb*)k={l2o1|M0iR4&z)#_ectE)zn?kx-19xZIlt|D&-q;=4|~V87;`+z zsBEZs8f5{&5HC0kWoZeaH!!&@Q7D855ETVM5ZaN=5itdz=g>qYOwY#T&cN7_TrmUnD2Dvvg#>bN5WVm&T)^@<6z{{jyP#esX=7 z-^0<#+}kaRlO2|r&h;pSNUPqIfJwp@Pe-9!GkYdx8FLFyejt1 zb9RGew2O~Mel+2{zwa1K5e`%*wZxou=ttdq&JHK;Ypvp@a$#f0ML2I~j!1t&54rQ@-S6S;`ezbW$s+EPy@|KkNulS{V z(;eR?t{q232}TJqgksFTgIj%r+C><=Hfg(1f|U)cRB z@eVb8O?TXXrhg7dPgTe(%U5_6ce@YOGXPi3+Z=W362IQ|k=Cj(9}h}p&sJ8*_G-cL zBEKl1C^|CaRqqSY0r%hjQnLQhBpNc%yS(s&Nm+F zuc!3K$a3_a`nFYW5*Lai1eBCR@b_i~JEHBw*vCt>Ed^0Y=C|+(|oNU4)x#b)y!|($e zvyb;@v+~T^7Q~)N3c4$MEMdjShnZzHilhbBFy58cwlHP_*Ln>lYa^(;sF8J(aNhg6 zNrX)0V3EFK$c{eMjeF=vQ}Y-;O=@pt663NCSLP>Qy&9-L`huhZ03*IMCGXQSnxywE3QA^&!BKX-1L4%6IqWbvBJ3H$Xv2P-N5u``$SbT`po+D-=D(;T$B>Pqn` z^!nW|vihx}w%JbOv%dyfc9N@{hp&Z7o`xm8Y%tsGs~)T#*6d7v@no$))1{Aulo1+vBPJYh|CLaRJ?Wn z;LoHMXT$7~?^~!UVygyWOI+Ww`Nel9O%7nE#|q!woUquU?ef!+XVk2W6YlF(L`UlI z(fg7XTd}TmXknSt@~V@?jwe{2 zaR;}IJalgpSrxWN;0`E0`db843P=Q zFF-15$K#5Cun0i7v?kYG{2@QVn>bLEtym`fM2d0eS>Eb@1>JujTb=1QHw z%$W}(Lvt9$k+B#&_`f+32I&BR0!VA-Cm;0hy%sU@TYbQ(a1YMoy#tW zDB$}SQ6hh_fQNv`5Ys^=ZcL}K1w062jv<)Cka4I;#22nZgI5rsECG!l%BBm=c>Di>P3bxBu(7+R;Qb4v!^u7}-RGv)jh!Tto<%At=B?3Mn#HhW z42U>#LEKLmh6Hl-4-6)O)P9Y@Fb3?UUt?Gp4~X#(3}s!(qTj Kp^*c{5%pg)aZ+vo literal 0 HcmV?d00001 diff --git a/noto-emoji/1f310.svg b/noto-emoji/1f310.svg new file mode 100644 index 00000000..e700f780 --- /dev/null +++ b/noto-emoji/1f310.svg @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl b/scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl index 5f3fbf08..79393126 100644 --- a/scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl +++ b/scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl @@ -77,6 +77,12 @@ sub write_file { print "Generating PDF (this may take a while)...\n"; +# Pre-running twice to generate emoji PDFs +system << '.'; +docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book traditional-mandarin.md -o tmp.tex --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js +docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book traditional-mandarin.md -o tmp.tex --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js +. + system << '.'; docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" --user $(id -u):$(id -g) audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book traditional-mandarin.md -o tmp.pdf --include-before-body=00-01.tex --toc --toc-depth=2 -s --pdf-engine=xelatex -V CJKmainfont='Noto Sans CJK TC' -V fontsize=20pt -V documentclass=extreport -f markdown-implicit_figures --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js . @@ -92,4 +98,5 @@ sub write_file { . unlink 'tmp.pdf'; +unlink 'tmp.tex'; unlink '01-01.tex'; diff --git a/scripts/make-book.pl b/scripts/make-book.pl index 76b64995..61050004 100644 --- a/scripts/make-book.pl +++ b/scripts/make-book.pl @@ -76,6 +76,12 @@ sub write_file { print "Generating PDF (this may take a while)...\n"; +# Pre-running twice to generate emoji PDFs +system << '.'; +docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book english.md -o tmp.tex --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js +docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book english.md -o tmp.tex --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js +. + system << '.'; docker run --rm --volume "$(pwd):/data" --user $(id -u):$(id -g) audreyt/pandoc-plurality-book english.md -o tmp.pdf --include-before-body=00-01.tex --toc --toc-depth=2 -s --pdf-engine=xelatex -V CJKmainfont='Noto Sans CJK TC' -V fontsize=18pt -V documentclass=extreport -f markdown-implicit_figures --filter=/data/scripts/emoji_filter.js . @@ -91,4 +97,5 @@ sub write_file { . unlink 'tmp.pdf'; +unlink 'tmp.tex'; unlink '01-01.tex'; From b447699c1a199650d130864c8fb99dbd1d6a6c9c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Audrey Tang Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 14:35:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 2/5] * no need for artifacts --- .github/workflows/main.yml | 9 --------- 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/.github/workflows/main.yml b/.github/workflows/main.yml index 5c59fdd6..0c76baeb 100644 --- a/.github/workflows/main.yml +++ b/.github/workflows/main.yml @@ -19,15 +19,6 @@ jobs: - name: Generate book files (zh-tw) run: | perl scripts/make-book-zh-tw.pl - - name: Upload artifacts - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2 - with: - name: book-files - path: | - Plurality-english.pdf - Plurality-english.epub - Plurality-traditional-mandarin.pdf - Plurality-traditional-mandarin.epub - uses: ncipollo/release-action@v1 with: artifacts: "*.pdf,*.epub" From 9bf744fbe03c64d623121e8f8add43e10e97e2f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Audrey Tang Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 14:59:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 3/5] * Fix some footnotes. Still remaining: nested "team" and "agglomeration" in 06-01; missing definition "Priv" in 04-03. --- ...ation-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md | 5 +++-- .../english/03-01-living-in-a-\342\277\273-world.md" | 4 ++-- contents/english/03-02-connected-society.md | 1 + contents/english/03-03-the-lost-dao.md | 1 - contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md | 12 ++++++------ contents/english/05-04-augmented-deliberation.md | 4 ++-- 6 files changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/contents/english/02-00-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md b/contents/english/02-00-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md index af3c853d..79d15e2f 100644 --- a/contents/english/02-00-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md +++ b/contents/english/02-00-information-technology-and-democracy-a-widening-gulf.md @@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ This reflects, with an extensive lag, the shift in investments made by public se ### Geopolitics and the Evolution of Technology and Democracy -There is a definite geopolitical context to the disposition of democracies to technology. Research on the evolution of innovation over history and time suggests that the changing attitudes of Western democracies to public technology investment have been moderated by geopolitical competitive pressures from eastward autocratic rivals[^NavigatingtheGeopoliticsofInnovation]. In the United States, for instance, the first and second phases of the innovation age (Industry 1.0 and Industry 2.0 respectively) which featured the emergence of such technologies as the steam engine, rail transport, the telegraph, and the assembly line were driven by the private sector in a relatively less intense geopolitical context in the pre-War era, an era of relative American isolation from global politics. However, the third phase (Industry 3.0), enabled by such technologies as semiconductors and the Internet, occurred in the context of intense geopolitics – the Cold War. Thus, driven by geopolitical exigencies, the 20th-century innovations were led by the government through such national institutional frameworks as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as well as regional alliances of democracies such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). With the end of the Cold War and the subsequent collapse of an autocratic adversary, the geopolitical drivers of innovation waned in intensity, leading to a reduction in incentives for public investments in technology. About three decades later, the rise of China as a formidable challenger to the West’s innovation leadership and the resurgence of an empire-seeking Russia have reawakened the United States and other Western democracies to the urgency of innovation leadership in an era of exponential technologies loosely described as the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. Hence, we see such recent, somewhat corrective, public spending by the United States government through such institutional mechanisms as the National Science Foundation to bolster America's leadership in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence [^WhiteHouse2024Budget]. This geopolitically driven attitude of the United States towards technology investment - an attitude that is reactive or proactive to the presence or otherwise of a rising or formidable adversary - leans towards what was described by Robert Atkinson as “digital realpolitik”[[^RobertAtkinson]]([url](https://www2.itif.org/2021-us-grand-strategy-global-digital-economy.pdf)). +There is a definite geopolitical context to the disposition of democracies to technology. Research on the evolution of innovation over history and time suggests that the changing attitudes of Western democracies to public technology investment have been moderated by geopolitical competitive pressures from eastward autocratic rivals[^NavigatingtheGeopoliticsofInnovation]. In the United States, for instance, the first and second phases of the innovation age (Industry 1.0 and Industry 2.0 respectively) which featured the emergence of such technologies as the steam engine, rail transport, the telegraph, and the assembly line were driven by the private sector in a relatively less intense geopolitical context in the pre-War era, an era of relative American isolation from global politics. However, the third phase (Industry 3.0), enabled by such technologies as semiconductors and the Internet, occurred in the context of intense geopolitics – the Cold War. Thus, driven by geopolitical exigencies, the 20th-century innovations were led by the government through such national institutional frameworks as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) as well as regional alliances of democracies such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). With the end of the Cold War and the subsequent collapse of an autocratic adversary, the geopolitical drivers of innovation waned in intensity, leading to a reduction in incentives for public investments in technology. About three decades later, the rise of China as a formidable challenger to the West’s innovation leadership and the resurgence of an empire-seeking Russia have reawakened the United States and other Western democracies to the urgency of innovation leadership in an era of exponential technologies loosely described as the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0. Hence, we see such recent, somewhat corrective, public spending by the United States government through such institutional mechanisms as the National Science Foundation to bolster America's leadership in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence [^WhiteHouse2024Budget]. This geopolitically driven attitude of the United States towards technology investment - an attitude that is reactive or proactive to the presence or otherwise of a rising or formidable adversary - leans towards what was described by Robert Atkinson as “digital realpolitik”[^RobertAtkinson]. + +[^RobertAtkinson]: [url](https://www2.itif.org/2021-us-grand-strategy-global-digital-economy.pdf). ### Ideologies of the Twenty-First Century @@ -237,7 +239,6 @@ OECD. “OECD Main Science and Technology Indicators,” March 2022. https://web [^LickliderReflection]: Dertouzos, Michael L, and Joel Moses. The Computer Age: A Twenty-Year View. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1980. [^NavigatingtheGeopoliticsofInnovation]: Omoakhalen, Omoaholo. “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa.” Remake Africa Consulting, 2023. https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf. [^WhiteHouse2024Budget]: The White House. “Fact Sheet: President Biden’s 2024 Budget Invests in American Science, Technology, and Innovation to Achieve Our Nation’s Greatest Aspirations.” OSTP, March 13, 2023. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/news-updates/2023/03/13/fy24-budget-fact-sheet-rd-innovation/. - Robert Atkinson. “A U.S. Grand Strategy for the Global Digital Economy.” Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, 2021, as cited in Omoakhalen, Omoaholo. “Navigating the Geopolitics of Innovation: Policy and Strategy Imperatives for the 21st Century Africa.” Remake Africa Consulting, 2023. https://remakeafrica.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Navigating_the_Geopolitics_of_Innovation.pdf. [^AcemogluRestrepoStudy]: Acemoglu, Daron, and Pascual Restrepo. “Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 33, no. 2 (May 2019): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.3. Note that the precise Golden Age-Digital Stagnation cutoff differs across these studies, but it is always somewhere during the 1970s or 1980s. [^PosnerWeylBook]: Posner, Eric A, E Glen Weyl, and Vitalik Buterin. Radical Markets: Uprooting Capitalism and Democracy for a Just Society. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2019. diff --git "a/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-\342\277\273-world.md" "b/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-\342\277\273-world.md" index 97af51b5..2d7703f7 100644 --- "a/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-\342\277\273-world.md" +++ "b/contents/english/03-01-living-in-a-\342\277\273-world.md" @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ The field of Industrial Organization, for example, treats firms rather than indi Yet, whatever level of explanation is chosen, actors are almost always modeled as atomistically self-interested and planners as coherent, objective maximizers, rather than socially-embedded intersections of group affiliations. The essence of understanding social phenomena as arising from a “network society” is to embrace this richness and build social systems, technologies, and policies that harness it, rather than viewing it as a distracting complication. Such systems need, among other things, to explicitly account for the social nature of motivations, to empower a diversity of social groups, to anticipate and support social dynamism and evolution, to ground personal identity in social affiliations and group choices in collective, democratic participation and to facilitate the establishment and maintenance of social context facilitating community. -While we do not have the space to review it in detail, a rich literature provides quantitative and social scientific evidence for the explanatory power of the ⿻ perspective [^Assemblage Theory]. Studies of industrial dynamics, of social and behavioral psychology, of economic development, of organizational cohesion, and much else, have shown the central role of social relationships that create and harness diversity[^SocialDynamics]. Instead, we will pull out just one example that perhaps will be both the most surprising and most related to the scientific themes above: the evolution of scientific knowledge itself. +While we do not have the space to review it in detail, a rich literature provides quantitative and social scientific evidence for the explanatory power of the ⿻ perspective [^AssemblageTheory]. Studies of industrial dynamics, of social and behavioral psychology, of economic development, of organizational cohesion, and much else, have shown the central role of social relationships that create and harness diversity[^SocialDynamics]. Instead, we will pull out just one example that perhaps will be both the most surprising and most related to the scientific themes above: the evolution of scientific knowledge itself. A growing interdisciplinary academic field of “Science of Science” (SciSci) studies the emergence of scientific knowledge as a complex system from networks among scientists and ideas [^SciSciField]. It charts the emergence and proliferation of scientific fields, sources of scientific novelty and progress, the strategies of exploration scientists choose, and the impact of social structure on intellectual advance. Among other things, they find that scientific exploration is biased towards topics that have been frequently discussed within a field and constrained by social and institutional connections among scientists, which diminishes the efficiency of the scientific knowledge discovery process [^TopicBiasInScience]. Furthermore, they discover that a decentralized scientific community, made up of mostly independent, non-overlapping teams that use a variety of methods and draw upon a broad spectrum of earlier publications, tends to yield more reliable scientific knowledge. In contrast, centralized communities marked by repeated collaborations and restricted to a limited range of approaches from previous studies are likely to generate less reliable outcomes [^CentralizedScientificCommunity] [^PredictRobustScience] It also finds strong connections between research team size and hierarchy with the types of findings (risky and revolutionary v. normal science) developed and documents the increasingly dominant role of teams (as opposed to individual research) in modern science [^TeamScience]. Although the largest innovations tend to arise from a strong grounding in existing disciplines deployed in unusual and surprising combinations [^DisconnectionDiscordInnovation] [^SurpriseInnovation] [^ScientificInnovation], it illustrates that most incentive structures used in science (based e.g. on publication quality and citation count) create perverse incentives that limit scientific creativity. These findings have led to the development of new metrics in scientific communities that can reward innovations and offset these biases, creating a more ⿻istic incentive set [^ScienceMetrics]. @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ But these cannot be the only paths forward. ⿻ science has shown us the power [^RelationalReality]: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/05/the-big-idea-why-relationships-are-the-key-to-existence [^MultilevelSelection]: Wilson, David Sloan et al. “Multilevel Selection Theory and Major Evolutionary Transitions.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 17 (2008): 6 - 9. [^NeuroscienceComplexity]: Here are some examples of these properties in neuroscience: **Sensitivity**: In neuroscience, sensitivity refers to the ability of the brain to detect and respond to small changes in its environment. One example of sensitivity in the brain is the phenomenon of synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses (connections between neurons) to change in strength in response to activity. This sensitivity allows the brain to adapt and learn from experience. **Chaos**: Chaos is a property of complex systems that exhibit unpredictable behavior even though they are deterministic. In neuroscience, chaos has been observed in the activity of neurons in the brain. For example, studies have shown that the firing patterns of individual neurons can be highly irregular and chaotic, with no discernible pattern or rhythm. This chaotic activity may play a role in information processing and communication within the brain. **Sensitivity and chaos together:** Sensitivity and chaos can also interact in the brain to produce complex and adaptive behavior. For example, studies have shown that the brain can exhibit sensitivity to small changes in sensory input, but this sensitivity can also lead to chaotic activity in neural networks. However, this chaotic activity can be controlled and harnessed to produce adaptive behavior, such as in the case of motor control and coordination. The brain's ability to integrate sensitivity and chaos in this way is a hallmark of its remarkable complexity and adaptability. -[^Assemblage Theory]: In assemblage theory, as articulated by Manuel DeLanda, entities are understood as complex structures formed from the symbiotic relationship between heterogeneous components, rather than being reducible to their individual parts. Its central thesis is that people do not act exclusively by themselves, and instead human action requires complex socio-material interdependencies. DeLanda's perspective shifts the focus from inherent qualities of entities to the dynamic processes and interactions that give rise to emergent properties within networks of relations. His book "A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity" (2006) is a good starting point. +[^AssemblageTheory]: In assemblage theory, as articulated by Manuel DeLanda, entities are understood as complex structures formed from the symbiotic relationship between heterogeneous components, rather than being reducible to their individual parts. Its central thesis is that people do not act exclusively by themselves, and instead human action requires complex socio-material interdependencies. DeLanda's perspective shifts the focus from inherent qualities of entities to the dynamic processes and interactions that give rise to emergent properties within networks of relations. His book "A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity" (2006) is a good starting point. [^SocialDynamics]: Page, S. E. (2007). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools, and societies. Princeton University Press.; Hidalgo, C. A. (2015). Why information grows: The evolution of order, from atoms to economies. Basic Books.; Acemoglu, D., & Linn, J. (2004). Market size in innovation: Theory and evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(3), 1049-1090.; Mercier, H., & Sperber, D. (2017). The enigma of reason. Harvard University Press.; Pentland, A. (2014). Social physics: How good ideas spread—the lessons from a new science. Penguin. Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. Simon and Schuster. Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. Uzzi, B. (1997). Social structure and competition in interfirm networks: The paradox of embeddedness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(1), 35-67.; Burt, R. S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University Press.; McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415-444. [^SciSciField]: See a summary in Fortunato et al. (2018) [^TopicBiasInScience]: Rzhetsky, Andrey, et al. "Choosing experiments to accelerate collective discovery." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112.47 (2015): 14569-14574. diff --git a/contents/english/03-02-connected-society.md b/contents/english/03-02-connected-society.md index be2f0883..edb734f1 100644 --- a/contents/english/03-02-connected-society.md +++ b/contents/english/03-02-connected-society.md @@ -147,3 +147,4 @@ Across all of these authors, we see many common threads. We see appreciation of [^InfluenceOfSimmel]: Brocic and Silver, "The Influence of Simmel on American Sociology Since 1975" [^SecretSocieties]: Simmel, “Sociology of Secrets and Secret Societies” [^PublicProblems]: John Dewey, The Public and its Problems (1927) +[^WEIRDest]: Henrich, J (2020) [The WEIRDest People in the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WEIRDest_People_in_the_World): How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous diff --git a/contents/english/03-03-the-lost-dao.md b/contents/english/03-03-the-lost-dao.md index 0a7900a7..efcef850 100644 --- a/contents/english/03-03-the-lost-dao.md +++ b/contents/english/03-03-the-lost-dao.md @@ -170,7 +170,6 @@ Estonia paragraph Yet while Estonia pioneered the use of ⿻ to transform a national government, both its size and its very early development limited what it could achieve. While it took longer to fully develop, in the last decade a small and mountainous island became the world's clearest example of a different path. Its story animates our book. -[^WEIRDest]: Henrich, J (2020) [The WEIRDest People in the World](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_WEIRDest_People_in_the_World): How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous [^teblunthuis__time_on_wikipedia]: TeBlunthuis, N., Bayer, T. and Vasileva, O., 2019, August. Dwelling on Wikipedia: investigating time spent by global encyclopedia readers. In Proceedings of the 15th international symposium on open collaboration (pp. 1-14). [^hwang_shaw__rules_on_wikipedia]: Hwang, S., & Shaw, A. (2022). Rules and Rule-Making in the Five Largest Wikipedias. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 16(1), 347-357. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v16i1.19297 [^vincent__wikipedia_and_search]: Vincent, N. and Hecht, B., 2021. A deeper investigation of the importance of Wikipedia links to search engine results. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW1), pp.1-15. diff --git a/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md b/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md index b22f34e8..b3941cf8 100644 --- a/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md +++ b/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md @@ -197,9 +197,9 @@ As we noted above, almost everything relevant about us is known by others and is [^SSNAlternatives]: News Release: [DHS Awards $193K for a Standards Based Approach to an Alternative Identifier to the Social Security Number](https://www.dhs.gov/science-and-technology/news/2020/10/09/news-release-dhs-awards-alternative-identifier-social-security-number) [^Altman]: https://www.reuters.com/technology/worldcoin-aims-set-up-global-id-network-akin-indias-aadhaar-2023-11-02/ [^LawsOfIdentities]: Kim Cameron's [Laws of Identities](https://www.identityblog.com/?p=1065) (blog post, August 2009) -[^MOSIP] (https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview)https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview -[^wallet] https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/ -[^pilots] https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-digital-identity-4-projects-launched-test-eudi-wallet -[^bhutan] https://restofworld.org/2023/south-asia-newsletter-bhutan-national-digital-id/ -[^icard] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_card -[^CS] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CardSpace +[^MOSIP]: (https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview)https://docs.mosip.io/inji/overview +[^wallet]: https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/ +[^pilots]: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/eu-digital-identity-4-projects-launched-test-eudi-wallet +[^bhutan]: https://restofworld.org/2023/south-asia-newsletter-bhutan-national-digital-id/ +[^icard]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_card +[^CS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CardSpace diff --git a/contents/english/05-04-augmented-deliberation.md b/contents/english/05-04-augmented-deliberation.md index 1038c497..a1c59857 100644 --- a/contents/english/05-04-augmented-deliberation.md +++ b/contents/english/05-04-augmented-deliberation.md @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Furthermore, deliberation is sometimes idealized as helping overcome divisions a [^LLMCensorship]: David Glukhov, Ilia Shumailov, Yarin Gal, Nicolas Papernot, Vardan Papyan (2023). LLM Censorship: A Machine Learning Challenge or a Computer Security Problem? https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.10719 -[^WorldCafe] [World Cafe](https://theworldcafe.com/) +[^WorldCafe]: [World Cafe](https://theworldcafe.com/) -[^OpenSpaceTechnnology] [Open Space Technology](https://openspaceworld.org/wp2/) +[^OpenSpace]: [Open Space Technology](https://openspaceworld.org/wp2/) From 1500746be4a6ed6a98cbe539e5ef76ca6b85d468 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Audrey Tang Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 20:00:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 4/5] * more footnote fixes --- contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md | 6 +++--- contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md | 1 + ...\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" | 6 +++--- 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md b/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md index c7567340..bbf7cc4a 100644 --- a/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md +++ b/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ Taiwan is also marked by a unique experience with religion among rich countires, #### Political -Taiwan is widely recognized both for the quality of its democracy and its resilience against technology-driven information manipulation. Several indices, published by organizations such as Freedom House, the Economist Intelligence Unit, the Bertelsmann Foundation and V-Dem, consistently rank Taiwan as among the freest and most effective democracies on earth.[^demrank] While Taiwan's precise ranking differs across these indices (ranging from first to merely in the top 15%), it nearly always stands out as the strongest democracy in Asia and the strongest democracy younger than 30 years old; even if one includes the wave of post-Soviety democracies immediately before this, almost all are less than half Taiwan's size, typically an order of magnitude smaller. Thus Taiwan is at least regarded as Asia's strongest democracy and the strongest young democracy of reasonable size and by many as the world's strongest. Furthermore, while democracy has generally declined in every region of the world in the last decade according to these indices, Taiwan's democratic scores have substantially increased. +Taiwan is widely recognized both for the quality of its democracy and its resilience against technology-driven information manipulation. Several indices, published by organizations such as Freedom House[^Freedom], the Economist Intelligence Unit[^EIU], the Bertelsmann Foundation and V-Dem, consistently rank Taiwan as among the freest and most effective democracies on earth.[^demrank] While Taiwan's precise ranking differs across these indices (ranging from first to merely in the top 15%), it nearly always stands out as the strongest democracy in Asia and the strongest democracy younger than 30 years old; even if one includes the wave of post-Soviety democracies immediately before this, almost all are less than half Taiwan's size, typically an order of magnitude smaller. Thus Taiwan is at least regarded as Asia's strongest democracy and the strongest young democracy of reasonable size and by many as the world's strongest. Furthermore, while democracy has generally declined in every region of the world in the last decade according to these indices, Taiwan's democratic scores have substantially increased. In addition to this overall strength, Taiwan is noted for its resistance to polarization and threats to information integrity. A variety of studies using a range of methodologies have found that Taiwan is one of the least politically, socially and religiously polarized developed countries in the world, though some have found a slight upward trend in political polarization since the Sunflower movement.[^polarization] This is especially true in *affective polarization*, the holding of negative or hostile personal attitudes towards political opponents, with Taiwan consistently among the 5 least affectively polarized countries. @@ -172,5 +172,5 @@ It will doubtless take decades of study to understand the precise causal connect [^Disinfo]:https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/655F8D3BBD3B48FC2B0F474B8D4B7457/S030574102100134Xa.pdf/reactions_to_chinalinked_fake_news_experimental_evidence_from_taiwan.pdf [^crime]: https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp [^crimevus]: https://www.statista.com/statistics/319861/taiwan-crime-rate/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20around%201%2C139%20crimes,people%20in%20the%20previous%20year, https://counciloncj.org/year-end-2023-crime-trends/#:~:text=Most%20violent%20offenses%20remained%20elevated,by%2093%25%20during%20that%20period. -[^Freedom]:https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world -[^EIU]:https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023 +[^Freedom]: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world +[^EIU]: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023 diff --git a/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md b/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md index b3941cf8..4176cbbc 100644 --- a/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md +++ b/contents/english/04-01-identity-and-personhood.md @@ -203,3 +203,4 @@ As we noted above, almost everything relevant about us is known by others and is [^bhutan]: https://restofworld.org/2023/south-asia-newsletter-bhutan-national-digital-id/ [^icard]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_card [^CS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CardSpace +[^DID]: https://www.w3.org/TR/did-core/ diff --git "a/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" "b/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" index c27eb2df..3e2dd779 100644 --- "a/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" +++ "b/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ g0v 的「公民黑客」精神濃厚，強調「放碼過來」，直接用程 #### 政治 -臺灣的民主品質，以及其抵禦技術驅動的境外訊息操弄的能力，得到了廣泛認可。自由之家（Freedom House）、經濟學人資訊部（Economist Intelligence Unit）、貝塔斯曼基金會（Bertelsmann Foundation）和 V-Dem 等機構釋出的多項指數均將臺灣列為全球最自由、最有效的民主國家之一。[^demrank]雖然臺灣在這些指數中的準確排名各不相同（從第一到僅在前 15%），然而，整體看來對臺灣的評價幾乎可說是亞洲最優秀的多元民主政體，也是成立不到 30 年引人注目的年輕民主國家。因此，臺灣至少被認為是亞洲最強大的民主政體，也是規模合理的最強大的年輕民主政體，許多人甚至認為它是世界上最強大的民主政體。此外，根據這些指數，在過去十年中，世界各個地區的民主程度普遍下降，而臺灣的民主得分卻大幅上升。 +臺灣的民主品質，以及其抵禦技術驅動的境外訊息操弄的能力，得到了廣泛認可。自由之家[^Freedom]、經濟學人資訊部[^EIU]、貝塔斯曼基金會（Bertelsmann Foundation）和 V-Dem 等機構釋出的多項指數均將臺灣列為全球最自由、最有效的民主國家之一。[^demrank]雖然臺灣在這些指數中的準確排名各不相同（從第一到僅在前 15%），然而，整體看來對臺灣的評價幾乎可說是亞洲最優秀的多元民主政體，也是成立不到 30 年引人注目的年輕民主國家。因此，臺灣至少被認為是亞洲最強大的民主政體，也是規模合理的最強大的年輕民主政體，許多人甚至認為它是世界上最強大的民主政體。此外，根據這些指數，在過去十年中，世界各個地區的民主程度普遍下降，而臺灣的民主得分卻大幅上升。 除了整體實力之外，臺灣還以抵禦極化現象、資訊戰和網路攻擊而著稱。根據各種資料進行的研究後發現，臺灣是世界上政治、社會和宗教兩極分化程度最低的發達國家之一，儘管有些研究發現自太陽花運動以來，政治兩極分化略有上升趨勢，但現已趨於和緩[^polarization]。在**情感兩極分化**（對政治對手持有負面或敵意的個人態度）方面尤其如此，儘管民族認同的問題在許多台灣選舉中依然是一個關鍵議題，但臺灣在情感極化程度上一直保持在全球最低的五個國家之列。政治菁英戲劇化且尖銳的表現並沒有完全反映在社會中。 @@ -136,8 +136,8 @@ g0v 的「公民黑客」精神濃厚，強調「放碼過來」，直接用程 [^Disinfo]:https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/655F8D3BBD3B48FC2B0F474B8D4B7457/S030574102100134Xa.pdf/reactions_to_chinalinked_fake_news_experimental_evidence_from_taiwan.pdf [^crime]: https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp [^crimevus]: https://www.statista.com/statistics/319861/taiwan-crime-rate/#:~:text=In%202022%2C%20around%201%2C139%20crimes,people%20in%20the%20previous%20year, https://counciloncj.org/year-end-2023-crime-trends/#:~:text=Most%20violent%20offenses%20remained%20elevated,by%2093%25%20during%20that%20period. -[^Freedom]:https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world -[^EIU]:https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023 +[^Freedom]: https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world +[^EIU]: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2023 From 67384c0e17a16f35eafc9ce86ebf8f577385127a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Audrey Tang Date: Sun, 10 Mar 2024 22:13:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 5/5] * sync 02-02 --- .../02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md | 6 ++-- ...73\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" | 34 +++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md b/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md index bbf7cc4a..e1b08d5e 100644 --- a/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md +++ b/contents/english/02-02-the-life-of-a-digital-democracy.md @@ -38,13 +38,13 @@ During this process of institutionalization of g0v, there was growing demand to vTaiwan was deliberately intended as an experimental, high-touch, intensive platform for committed participants. It had about 200,000 users or about 1% of Taiwan's population at its peak and held detailed deliberations on 28 issues, 80% of which led to legislative action. These focused mostly on questions around technology regulation, such as the regulation of ride sharing, responses to non-consensual intimate images, regulatory experimentation with financial technology and regulation of AI. While these were generally viewed as successful by all parties, the intensive effort required, the lack of mandates for government to respond and the somewhat narrow scope has led to a relative decline of the platform recently. -The Public Digital Innovation Space (PDIS) that one of us established in 2016 to oversee vTaiwan and other projects we discuss below in the ministerial role therefore supported a second, related platform Join. While Join also sometime used Polis, it has a lighter-weight user interface and focuses primarily on soliciting input, suggestions and initatives from a broader public, and has an enforcement mechanism where government officials must respond if a proposal receives sufficient support. Unlike vTaiwan, furthermore, Join addresses a range of policy issues, including controversial non-technological issues such as high school's start time, and has strong continuing usage today of roughly half of the population over its lifetime and an average of 11,000 unique daily visitors. +The Public Digital Innovation Space (PDIS) that one of us established in 2016 to work with vTaiwan and other projects we discuss below in the ministerial role therefore supported a second, related platform Join. While Join also sometime used Polis, it has a lighter-weight user interface and focuses primarily on soliciting input, suggestions and initatives from a broader public, and has an enforcement mechanism where government officials must respond if a proposal receives sufficient support. Unlike vTaiwan, furthermore, Join addresses a range of policy issues, including controversial non-technological issues such as high school's start time, and has strong continuing usage today of roughly half of the population over its lifetime and an average of 11,000 unique daily visitors. ### Hackathons, coalitions and quadratic signals While such levels of digital civic engagement may seem surprising to many Westerners, they can be seen simply as the harnessing of a small portion of the energy typically wasted on conflict on (anti-)social media towards solving public problems. Even more concentrated applications of this principle have come by placing the weight of government behind the g0v practice of hackathons through the Presidential Hackathon (PH) and a variety of supporting institutions. -The PH convened mixed teams of civil servants, academics, activists and technologists to propose tools, social practices and collective data custody arrangements that allowed them to "collectively bargain" with their data for cooperation with government and private actors supported by the PDIS-supported program of "data coalitions" to address civic problems. Examples have included the monitoring of air quality or early warning systems for wildfires. Participants and broader citizens were asked to help select the winners using a voting system called Quadratic Voting that allows people to express the extent of their support across a range of projects and that we discuss in our 05-06 ⿻ Voting chapter below. This allowed a wide range of participants to be at least partial winners, by making it likely everyone would have supported some winner and that if someone felt very strongly in favor of one project they could give it a significant boost. Winning project received a holographic representation of the President of Taiwan giving the hologram to the winners, leverage they could use to induce relevant government agencies or localities to cooperate in their mission, given the legitimacy g0v has gained as noted above. +The PH convened mixed teams of civil servants, academics, activists and technologists to propose tools, social practices and collective data custody arrangements that allowed them to "collectively bargain" with their data for cooperation with government and private actors supported by the PDIS-supported program of "data coalitions" to address civic problems. Examples have included the monitoring of air quality or early warning systems for wildfires. Participants and broader citizens were asked to help select the winners using a voting system called Quadratic Voting that allows people to express the extent of their support across a range of projects and that we discuss in our 05-06 ⿻ Voting chapter below. This allowed a wide range of participants to be at least partial winners, by making it likely everyone would have supported some winner and that if someone felt very strongly in favor of one project they could give it a significant boost. Winning project received a trophy -- a microprojector showing the President of Taiwan giving the award to the winners, leverage they could use to induce relevant government agencies or localities to cooperate in their mission, given the legitimacy g0v has gained as noted above. More recently, this practice has been extended beyond developing technical solutions to envisioning of alternative futures and production of media content to support this through "ideathons". It has also gone beyond symbolic support to awarding real funding to valued projects (such as around agricultural and food safety inspections) using an extension of Quadratic Voting to Funding as we discuss in our Social Markets chapter. @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ More recently, this practice has been extended beyond developing technical solut These diverse approaches to empowering government to more agilely leverage civil participation most dramatically came to a head during the Covid-19 pandemic. Taiwan is widely believed (based on statistics we will discuss in the next section of this chapter) to have had one of the world's most effective responses to the pandemic. Notably, it achieved among the lowest global death rates from the disease without using lockdowns and while maintaining among the fastest rates of economic growth in the world. While being an island, having as Taiwan did an epidemiologist ready for an instant response as Vice-President and restricting travel clearly played a key role, a range of technological interventions played an important role as well. -The best documented example and the one most consistent with the previous examples was the "Mask App". Given previous experience with SARS, masks in Taiwan were beginning to run into shortages by late January, when little of the world had even heard of Covid-19. Frustrated, Google engineer Howard Wu developed an app that harnessed data that the government, following open and transparent data practices harnessed and reinforced by the g0v movement, to map mask availability. This allowed Taiwan to achieve widespread mask adoption by mid-February, even as mask supplies remained extremely tight given the lack of a global production response at this early stage. +The best documented example and the one most consistent with the previous examples was the "Mask App". Given previous experience with SARS, masks in Taiwan were beginning to run into shortages by late January, when little of the world had even heard of Covid-19. Frustrated, civic hackers led by Howard Wu developed an app that harnessed data that the government, following open and transparent data practices harnessed and reinforced by the g0v movement, to map mask availability. This allowed Taiwan to achieve widespread mask adoption by mid-February, even as mask supplies remained extremely tight given the lack of a global production response at this early stage. Another critical aspect of the Taiwanese response was the rigorous use of testing, tracing and supported isolation to avoid community spread of the disease. While most tracing occurred by more traditional means, Taiwan was among the only place that was able to reach the prevalence of adoption of phone-based social distancing and tracing systems necessary to make these an important and effective part of their response. This was, in turn, largely because of the close cooperation facilitated by PDIS between government health officials and members of the g0v community deeply concerned about privacy, especially given the lack in Taiwan of an independent privacy protection regime, a point we return to below. This led to the design of systems with strong anonymization and decentralization features that received broad acceptance. diff --git "a/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" "b/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" index 3e2dd779..eac2f3a8 100644 --- "a/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" +++ "b/contents/traditional-mandarin/02-02-\346\225\270\344\275\215\346\260\221\344\270\273\347\232\204\346\227\245\345\270\270.md" @@ -43,12 +43,42 @@ g0v 的「公民黑客」精神濃厚，強調「放碼過來」，直接用程 ### vTaiwan 與 Join -### 黑客松 +將 g0v 模式導入治理制度的過程，需要將這些爭議解決方法，應用於更廣泛的政策問題。這導致了 vTaiwan 的設立，這是由 g0v 發起的專案，旨在產出符合各利益關係人期待，也貼近實際需求的法規內容。這個過程涉及許多步驟（提案、意見徵集、審議和研擬草案），每個步驟都運用許多開源軟體，但特別因其使用當時（2015）新穎的、基於機器學習的 Polis 技術而聞名，我們將在《05-04 審議》章節進一步討論。Polis 的運作方式類似 Twitter/X 等線上交流工具，但並非顯示最大限度地提高點擊率的內容，而是展示現存的相異觀點集群，並且突出顯示橋接的論述，來促進共識形成。 -### Covid-19 +vtaiwan-polis + +vTaiwan 的目的是為積極的參與者，提供實驗性、高品質溝通、緊密協作的平台。它在高峰期擁有約 20 萬用戶，約佔台灣人口的 1 %，並對 28 個問題進行了詳細審議，其中 80% 導致了法規調適。這些問題主要集中在技術監管方面的問題，例如共乘監管、對未經同意的親密圖像的反應、金融科技的監管實驗和對 AI 的治理。雖然各方普遍認為這些措施是成功的，但由於需要大量投注精力、政府回應授權層級與範圍較窄，導致該平臺最近活躍程度不如以往。 + +作者之一在 2016 年創辦了公共數位創新空間 (PDIS)，以協助 vTaiwan 及下述各項專案，因此也支持了第二個相關平台「Join」。雖然 Join 有時也使用 Polis，但它具有更輕量級的使用者介面，主要專注於徵求更廣泛公眾的意見、建議和倡議，並且具有執行機制，來確保若提案獲得足夠的支持，政府官員必須做出回應。此外，與 vTaiwan 不同的是，Join 解決的一系列爭議，包括許多非技術問題（例如中學生的早自習時間），並且目前擁有強大的持續使用率，約有一半的人口曾經用過，平均每天有 11,000 人造訪。 + +### 黑客松、聯盟與平方信號 + +對許多西方人來說，這樣的數位公民參與水準可能令人驚訝，但它其實只是將通常虛擲在（反）社交媒體衝突上的一小部分精力，用於解決公共問題而已。「總統盃黑客松」則將這個概念提昇為更制度化、層級更高的協作模式，來實踐社會創新。 + +黑客松的組成團隊，是公務員、第三部門、學者、活動和技術專家組成的混合隊伍，從問題的結構、跨利益關係人的溝通、新資訊技術的互接、開放政府資料的應用，在長達數月的黑客松過程裡共創共學，並在 PDIS 支持下組成資料聯盟，透過集體協商來處理海洋污染、空氣品質監測、野火預警系統，和一系列不平等議題。 + +總統盃運用平方投票，我們將在下文《05-06 投票》討論。這種模式，使得每個人都有可能支援某個獲勝者，然而，如果有人非常強烈地支援某個項專案，也能替該專案帶來巨大的推動力，從而使眾多參與者至少成為部分獲勝者。總統向卓越團隊頒發的投影機獎座，也對於開放社群帶來了相當程度的政治授權。 + +近年來，這種做法已經擴展到技術解決方案範疇之外。「點子松（ideathon）」站在 2040 未來視角，結合群眾參與，促使各界投入推測設計的活動。「公益創新．徵案100」也採用了平方募資（詳見《05-06 社會市場》），來資助富有公共價值的專案。 + +### 疫情 + +這些賦予政府更敏捷地與民間協力的方法，在 Covid-19 疫情期間得到了最顯著的體現。根據下文將提到的統計數據，臺灣是世界上應對疫情最有效的國家之一。值得注意的是，臺灣在沒有採取封城措施的情況下，實現了全球最低的疫情死亡率之一，同時保持了位於全球前列的經濟增長率。作為島國，並且有隨時準備反應的流行病學家擔任副總統，同時也限制了境外旅客，這些因素顯然都很關鍵，但一系列技術干預措施也發揮了重要作用。 + +「口罩地圖」，可說是與我們上文描述的公民黑客文化最一致的案例。鑒於過去 SARS 防疫的經驗，口罩在 1 月下旬開始出現短缺，而當時世界上幾乎沒有人聽說過 Covid-19。吳展瑋等公民黑客著手撰寫程式、同時在 g0v 上號召「眾包」開放資料，包括超商和藥局的口罩存量，開發出「超商口罩地圖」。隨後口罩實名制政策上路，行政院主動邀集 g0v 加入開發「藥局口罩地圖」，緩解了社會的緊張氛圍，在 2 月中旬就實現廣泛的口罩配給。 + +臺灣應對措施的另一個關鍵方面，是嚴格的檢測、追蹤和支持隔離，以防止社區傳播。雖然大多數追蹤是透過傳統疫調方式進行，但臺灣是少數能夠普遍採用基於手機的社交距離和追蹤系統的地方，使其成為應對疫情的重要和有效成分。這在很大程度上是因為 PDIS 促進了衛生官員和深切關注隱私的 g0v 社群成員間的緊密協作，特別是考慮到臺灣缺乏獨立的隱私保護制度，這一點我們將在下面討論。這導致了具有強大匿名性和分散式功能的系統設計，並得到了廣泛的接受。 ### 資訊完整性 +在臺灣的防疫對策中，數位技術貢獻最為鮮明的，或許就是透過全民協力，來迅速且有效地對應錯誤資訊，以及刻意散佈的假訊息。這項「超能力」不僅在疫情期間發揮了重要作用，在近年的選舉中也扮演了關鍵角色。相較之下，許多其他國家則因為缺乏資訊的真實性，而在選舉過程中面臨挑戰。 + +在眾多努力中，最為重要的或許就是從 g0v 衍生出的專案「Cofacts」。在這個專案中，參與的公民快速回應社群媒體上的熱門內容，以及從私人管道轉發到公開留言區的訊息，並提供解答。最新的研究顯示，與量能有限的專業事實查核機構相比，這些系統通常能夠以同等的準確性、更快的速度，且更具吸引力的方式來回應謠言。 + +臺灣公民社會的技術成熟度，以及來自公部門的支持，也以其他方式提供了助益。在公部門的支持下，像是 MyGoPen 這樣的組織，以及像 Gogolook 這樣的私營企業，得以為 Line 等私人通訊服務開發聊天機器人，讓民眾能夠匿名、快速地獲得對可能誤導訊息的回覆。政府與公民團體的密切合作，讓他們能夠以「以幽默對抗謠言」和「迅速、有趣、公平」的方式作為典範，進而鼓勵這樣的政策。例如，在疫情期間，有謠言稱大量生產口罩會導致衛生紙短缺，當時的行政院長蘇貞昌以「咱只有一粒卡臣」等梗圖回應用衛生紙做口罩的不實訊息，更吸引了外媒大幅報導。 + +總的來說，這些政策幫助臺灣在不需要下架的情況下，成功對抗了「資訊疫情」，就如同臺灣在不需要封鎖的情況下，成功抗疫一樣。這一切都在我們前面提到的 2024 年 1 月 13 日大選中達到了高峰。在這場選舉中，中国發動了史無前例、由 AI 驅動的精密介選活動，卻未能成功地在臺灣製造對立，或對選舉結果產生顯著的影響。 + ### 十年有成 雖然上面闡述了一系列令人感到樂觀的組合，但人們依然會自然地會詢問，它們的實際數字為何？對如此眾多創新且交織的專案進行精確的因果影響追蹤顯然是一項艱鉅的任務，超出了我們的研究範圍。但至少我們有理由詢問，在過去幾十年中，臺灣在一系列困擾大多數自由民主國家的挑戰方面的總體表現如何。我們將依次討論每一類挑戰。遺憾的是，由於臺灣的國際地位涉及複雜的地緣政治，許多標準的國際比較機構選擇不將臺灣納入其資料中，因此分析和比較的品質並不盡如人意。