From 4fd727e30ea8536bac6c20260aa720b5697698c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Amiya Behera <amiyatulu@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 13 Sep 2024 13:13:22 +0530
Subject: [PATCH] update

---
 book/chapters/election/evm.toml                  | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 ...gional-parties-vs-one-party-dictatorship.html |  2 +-
 book/print.html                                  |  2 +-
 src/chapters/election/evm.toml                   | 16 ++++++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/book/chapters/election/evm.toml b/book/chapters/election/evm.toml
index e1d05b1..11020f8 100644
--- a/book/chapters/election/evm.toml
+++ b/book/chapters/election/evm.toml
@@ -109,3 +109,19 @@ Only three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal
 [Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)
 """
 id = "72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff"
+
+[[questions]]
+type = "MultipleChoice"
+prompt.prompt = """
+Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of manipulating a single to three Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in a constituency?
+"""
+prompt.distractors = [
+    "It has little impact on the overall results as it is just one to three machine.",
+    "The margin of victory is always substantial, so altering a few votes has no real consequence.",
+    "The impact depends on the population density of the constituency, with urban areas being less affected.",
+]
+answer.answer = "It can be significant as many candidates win or lose by a narrow margin under the First Past the Post (FPTP) system."
+context = """
+In many democratic countries that employ the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, elections are often decided by a small number of votes. Candidates frequently win or lose by margins of a few hundred or even fewer votes. In such scenarios, manipulating even a single EVM in a constituency can have a substantial impact. If an EVM is rigged to favor a particular candidate, it could potentially swing the result in their favor, especially in tightly contested races.
+"""
+id = "e263ddd2-7f06-46a9-a3c8-5003f6f86dac"
diff --git a/book/chapters/the-lok-sabha-election-is-about-regional-parties-vs-one-party-dictatorship.html b/book/chapters/the-lok-sabha-election-is-about-regional-parties-vs-one-party-dictatorship.html
index 1929ba2..e7e5a05 100644
--- a/book/chapters/the-lok-sabha-election-is-about-regional-parties-vs-one-party-dictatorship.html
+++ b/book/chapters/the-lok-sabha-election-is-about-regional-parties-vs-one-party-dictatorship.html
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ <h2 id="date-2023-12-05"><a class="header" href="#date-2023-12-05">date: "2023-1
 <hr />
 <h3 id="quiz"><a class="header" href="#quiz">Quiz</a></h3>
 <h4 id="quiz-for-indian-election-and-evm"><a class="header" href="#quiz-for-indian-election-and-evm">Quiz for Indian election and EVM</a></h4>
-<div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="evm"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;65448bbf-3caf-463a-8373-da96cea0c206&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;The practice of submitting multiple ballots by a single individual in an election where one ballot per person is allowed.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Ballot harvesting, where individuals collect and submit ballots on behalf of others without their consent.&quot;,&quot;Voter impersonation, where an individual votes using the identity of another eligible voter without their knowledge.&quot;,&quot;Ballot box tampering, where sealed ballot boxes are illegally accessed and ballots are altered or replaced. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following best describes ballot stuffing?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print while no voter is observing the paper trail, a form of [ballot stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_stuffing). Even if additional votes were discovered through matching to the voters list, it would be impossible to identify legitimate ballots from fraudulent ballots.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a1ae9861-25e2-49d4-88e2-2e283e4d0930&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print ballots while no voter is observing the paper trail.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Voters themselves could engage in ballot stuffing by voting multiple times, through fake identity proof&quot;,&quot;Voters could exploit a vulnerability in the VVPAT system where it fails to record a vote on EVM but still prints a paper trail, allowing them to cast multiple votes without detection.&quot;,&quot;Election officials could replace legitimate VVPAT paper trails with fraudulent ones, inflating the vote count for a specific candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How can ballot stuffing occur in an election that a compromised VVPAT system?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2114e89b-8c80-4547-a18e-27a9a9092db6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, only the votes from a random sample of VVPAT machines approximately 1% of VVPAT votes are compared with EVM results.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, all VVPAT and EVM votes are meticulously compared to identify any discrepancies.&quot;,&quot;Yes, but only in close elections where the margin of victory is narrow.&quot;,&quot;No, the VVPAT is solely for voter assurance and has no impact on the official count. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Are VVPAT (Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail) and EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) votes tallied after an election to ensure accuracy?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability in software security. By keeping the software development process closed and secretive, it becomes more challenging to identify and address security vulnerabilities. A more effective approach is to embrace open-source development, where the source code is publicly available for review and contribution by a community of developers and security experts.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;243aaeaa-4e7a-4187-a66e-f1153818a513&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability, as it hinders the identification and patching of security flaws by a wider community of experts.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Secrecy enhances software security by preventing malicious actors from exploiting vulnerabilities.&quot;,&quot;Secrecy fosters an environment of trust, as users perceive hidden mechanisms as more secure.&quot;,&quot;Open-source software exposes code to a wider range of attackers, increasing the risk of exploitation.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which statement best describes the impact of secrecy on software security?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2573f0c4-1669-4c6d-bbdf-6b42ece47a61&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, the EVM system is proprietary, and only authorized personnel have access to its inner workings.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, the EVM system is entirely open source, allowing for full transparency and public scrutiny.&quot;,&quot;The hardware components are open source, but the software remains closed-source and proprietary.&quot;,&quot;While the software is open source, the hardware specifications are kept confidential. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Is the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) system, including its components and software, open source and available for public audit by independent experts?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;EVMs demand protection for 365 days every year, whereas ballot papers need protection for only about few months, hardly 3-6 months after the election. Any unprotected EVM at any time is susceptible to hackers manipulating it and installing malware.It's unrealistic to have robust security for EVMs all the time.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;48d771bd-143d-40fb-bead-1329f5d8d2f9&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All the time&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;60 days before and after election day&quot;,&quot;30 days before the election&quot;,&quot;365 days before the election&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How many days of security does an EVM require?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Data of all discrepancies is here.\n\nOnly three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal from Kerala and Lakshadweep)\n\n[Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Almost all polling stations&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;An insignificant number of polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than half of the polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than one-third of the polling stations&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;In how many constituency were discrepancies found between the number of voters polled on election day and the number of voters recorded in the EVMs during the vote-counting process in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
+<div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="evm"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;65448bbf-3caf-463a-8373-da96cea0c206&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;The practice of submitting multiple ballots by a single individual in an election where one ballot per person is allowed.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Ballot harvesting, where individuals collect and submit ballots on behalf of others without their consent.&quot;,&quot;Voter impersonation, where an individual votes using the identity of another eligible voter without their knowledge.&quot;,&quot;Ballot box tampering, where sealed ballot boxes are illegally accessed and ballots are altered or replaced. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following best describes ballot stuffing?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print while no voter is observing the paper trail, a form of [ballot stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_stuffing). Even if additional votes were discovered through matching to the voters list, it would be impossible to identify legitimate ballots from fraudulent ballots.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a1ae9861-25e2-49d4-88e2-2e283e4d0930&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print ballots while no voter is observing the paper trail.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Voters themselves could engage in ballot stuffing by voting multiple times, through fake identity proof&quot;,&quot;Voters could exploit a vulnerability in the VVPAT system where it fails to record a vote on EVM but still prints a paper trail, allowing them to cast multiple votes without detection.&quot;,&quot;Election officials could replace legitimate VVPAT paper trails with fraudulent ones, inflating the vote count for a specific candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How can ballot stuffing occur in an election that a compromised VVPAT system?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2114e89b-8c80-4547-a18e-27a9a9092db6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, only the votes from a random sample of VVPAT machines approximately 1% of VVPAT votes are compared with EVM results.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, all VVPAT and EVM votes are meticulously compared to identify any discrepancies.&quot;,&quot;Yes, but only in close elections where the margin of victory is narrow.&quot;,&quot;No, the VVPAT is solely for voter assurance and has no impact on the official count. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Are VVPAT (Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail) and EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) votes tallied after an election to ensure accuracy?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability in software security. By keeping the software development process closed and secretive, it becomes more challenging to identify and address security vulnerabilities. A more effective approach is to embrace open-source development, where the source code is publicly available for review and contribution by a community of developers and security experts.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;243aaeaa-4e7a-4187-a66e-f1153818a513&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability, as it hinders the identification and patching of security flaws by a wider community of experts.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Secrecy enhances software security by preventing malicious actors from exploiting vulnerabilities.&quot;,&quot;Secrecy fosters an environment of trust, as users perceive hidden mechanisms as more secure.&quot;,&quot;Open-source software exposes code to a wider range of attackers, increasing the risk of exploitation.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which statement best describes the impact of secrecy on software security?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2573f0c4-1669-4c6d-bbdf-6b42ece47a61&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, the EVM system is proprietary, and only authorized personnel have access to its inner workings.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, the EVM system is entirely open source, allowing for full transparency and public scrutiny.&quot;,&quot;The hardware components are open source, but the software remains closed-source and proprietary.&quot;,&quot;While the software is open source, the hardware specifications are kept confidential. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Is the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) system, including its components and software, open source and available for public audit by independent experts?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;EVMs demand protection for 365 days every year, whereas ballot papers need protection for only about few months, hardly 3-6 months after the election. Any unprotected EVM at any time is susceptible to hackers manipulating it and installing malware.It's unrealistic to have robust security for EVMs all the time.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;48d771bd-143d-40fb-bead-1329f5d8d2f9&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All the time&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;60 days before and after election day&quot;,&quot;30 days before the election&quot;,&quot;365 days before the election&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How many days of security does an EVM require?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Data of all discrepancies is here.\n\nOnly three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal from Kerala and Lakshadweep)\n\n[Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Almost all polling stations&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;An insignificant number of polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than half of the polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than one-third of the polling stations&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;In how many constituency were discrepancies found between the number of voters polled on election day and the number of voters recorded in the EVMs during the vote-counting process in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In many democratic countries that employ the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, elections are often decided by a small number of votes. Candidates frequently win or lose by margins of a few hundred or even fewer votes. In such scenarios, manipulating even a single EVM in a constituency can have a substantial impact. If an EVM is rigged to favor a particular candidate, it could potentially swing the result in their favor, especially in tightly contested races.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;e263ddd2-7f06-46a9-a3c8-5003f6f86dac&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;It can be significant as many candidates win or lose by a narrow margin under the First Past the Post (FPTP) system.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It has little impact on the overall results as it is just one to three machine.&quot;,&quot;The margin of victory is always substantial, so altering a few votes has no real consequence.&quot;,&quot;The impact depends on the population density of the constituency, with urban areas being less affected.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of manipulating a single to three Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in a constituency?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
 <h4 id="quiz-on-voting-method"><a class="header" href="#quiz-on-voting-method">Quiz on voting method</a></h4>
 <div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="election-science"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In social choice theory and politics, the spoiler effect refers to a situation where a large group of like-minded voters split their votes among multiple candidates, which can affect the result of an election by allowing a candidate with a smaller base of support to win with a plurality.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;8abfbe52-31c2-4ea6-9dc2-f180569e1eb6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;When a large group of like-minded voters split their votes among multiple candidates&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;When a large group of voters strategically vote for a single candidate to ensure their victory.&quot;,&quot;The impact of a charismatic candidate who attracts votes away from their party's traditional base.&quot;,&quot;The phenomenon where voters change their preference due to the influence of social media.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;What is the spoiler effect in the context of social choice theory and politics?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In elections, there is a phenomenon known as the \&quot;spoiler effect,\&quot; where a minor candidate can impact the outcome by pulling votes away from a major candidate. This happens when voters who might otherwise support the major candidate are drawn to the minor candidate, resulting in a split of votes between them. As a consequence, the major candidate may lose the election, even though they had a higher initial support base. In such cases, the minor candidate is referred to as a \&quot;spoiler candidate,\&quot; and the major candidate is said to have been \&quot;spoiled.\&quot; This situation is also commonly known as \&quot;vote splitting,\&quot; highlighting how the distribution of votes among similar or allied candidates can unintentionally benefit another candidate or party.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;f99cb1be-3e74-4181-80ee-7168c3923d87&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot; It can result in the victory of a candidate with a smaller base of support, even if they are not the first choice of most voters.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It ensures that only candidates with broad appeal across different voter groups win.&quot;,&quot;It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns on appealing to a broad range of voters to avoid vote splitting.&quot;,&quot;The spoiler effect increases voter turnout, as more people are motivated to participate to support their preferred candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How does the spoiler effect influence election outcomes?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;c9c7f8e3-cc3b-418c-8f1d-5a2732629739&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Arrow's theorem states that all rank-based voting systems are inherently vulnerable to the spoiler effect.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It proves that the spoiler effect can be eliminated through the use of advanced voting mechanisms.&quot;,&quot;It assumes that all voters participate and have equal influence in the election outcome.&quot;,&quot;It provides a theoretical basis for advocating for proportional representation or ranked-choice voting systems.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;What is Arrow's Impossibility Theorem?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;b1cfc54c-40cd-465d-984d-9b1fb739a4cf&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Ordinal voting systems ones in which the voters rank candidates over other&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Rated voting systems&quot;,&quot;Approval voting systems&quot;,&quot;Direct democracy voting systems&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Arrow's Impossibility Theorem applies to which type of voting systems?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Arrow's Impossibility Theorem only applies to ordinal voting systems, ones in which the voters rank candidates over others. There is another way: rated voting systems. The simplest version is known as approval voting where instead of ranking the candidates, the voters just tick the candidates they approve of.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;38de6bcd-33a7-43a2-b966-6ac8fc28b0eb&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Approval voting&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Majority rule voting&quot;,&quot;Ordinal voting&quot;,&quot;Plurality voting&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which voting system can help avoid vote splitting, according to alternatives to Arrow's Impossibility Theorem?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Many countries that were formerly part of the British Empire have inherited and continue to use the FPTP system as a result of their colonial legacy. This includes countries like the United Kingdom itself, the United States, Canada, India, Australia, and many others.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;1e9c55bd-f7f5-4caf-8424-c180cbb77ca2&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Former British colonies&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;European Union members&quot;,&quot;None of the above&quot;,&quot;Nordic Countries&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which group of countries predominantly uses the First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) voting method?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Approval Voting offers a solution to the \&quot;vote-splitting\&quot; or \&quot;spoiler effect,\&quot; issues where similar candidates can divide support and lead to an outcome not representative of the majority's true preferences. It encourages voters to express support for multiple preferred candidates, reducing strategic voting that fuels hyperpartisanship and polarization. Lastly, it is indeed simpler to tally compared to some other voting methods.\n\&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;64c59d0b-1693-4ca6-bc37-98c491300c2c&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All of the above. &quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It avoids vote-splitting or the spoiler effect.&quot;,&quot;It decreases hyperpartisanship and polarization.&quot;,&quot;It's easier to tally or count.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Why choose Approval Voting?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
 <p>What strategies has the BJP employed?</p>
diff --git a/book/print.html b/book/print.html
index 8a8b87d..0e28a97 100644
--- a/book/print.html
+++ b/book/print.html
@@ -2809,7 +2809,7 @@ <h2 id="date-2023-12-05"><a class="header" href="#date-2023-12-05">date: "2023-1
 <hr />
 <h3 id="quiz"><a class="header" href="#quiz">Quiz</a></h3>
 <h4 id="quiz-for-indian-election-and-evm"><a class="header" href="#quiz-for-indian-election-and-evm">Quiz for Indian election and EVM</a></h4>
-<div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="evm"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;65448bbf-3caf-463a-8373-da96cea0c206&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;The practice of submitting multiple ballots by a single individual in an election where one ballot per person is allowed.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Ballot harvesting, where individuals collect and submit ballots on behalf of others without their consent.&quot;,&quot;Voter impersonation, where an individual votes using the identity of another eligible voter without their knowledge.&quot;,&quot;Ballot box tampering, where sealed ballot boxes are illegally accessed and ballots are altered or replaced. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following best describes ballot stuffing?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print while no voter is observing the paper trail, a form of [ballot stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_stuffing). Even if additional votes were discovered through matching to the voters list, it would be impossible to identify legitimate ballots from fraudulent ballots.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a1ae9861-25e2-49d4-88e2-2e283e4d0930&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print ballots while no voter is observing the paper trail.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Voters themselves could engage in ballot stuffing by voting multiple times, through fake identity proof&quot;,&quot;Voters could exploit a vulnerability in the VVPAT system where it fails to record a vote on EVM but still prints a paper trail, allowing them to cast multiple votes without detection.&quot;,&quot;Election officials could replace legitimate VVPAT paper trails with fraudulent ones, inflating the vote count for a specific candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How can ballot stuffing occur in an election that a compromised VVPAT system?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2114e89b-8c80-4547-a18e-27a9a9092db6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, only the votes from a random sample of VVPAT machines approximately 1% of VVPAT votes are compared with EVM results.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, all VVPAT and EVM votes are meticulously compared to identify any discrepancies.&quot;,&quot;Yes, but only in close elections where the margin of victory is narrow.&quot;,&quot;No, the VVPAT is solely for voter assurance and has no impact on the official count. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Are VVPAT (Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail) and EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) votes tallied after an election to ensure accuracy?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability in software security. By keeping the software development process closed and secretive, it becomes more challenging to identify and address security vulnerabilities. A more effective approach is to embrace open-source development, where the source code is publicly available for review and contribution by a community of developers and security experts.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;243aaeaa-4e7a-4187-a66e-f1153818a513&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability, as it hinders the identification and patching of security flaws by a wider community of experts.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Secrecy enhances software security by preventing malicious actors from exploiting vulnerabilities.&quot;,&quot;Secrecy fosters an environment of trust, as users perceive hidden mechanisms as more secure.&quot;,&quot;Open-source software exposes code to a wider range of attackers, increasing the risk of exploitation.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which statement best describes the impact of secrecy on software security?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2573f0c4-1669-4c6d-bbdf-6b42ece47a61&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, the EVM system is proprietary, and only authorized personnel have access to its inner workings.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, the EVM system is entirely open source, allowing for full transparency and public scrutiny.&quot;,&quot;The hardware components are open source, but the software remains closed-source and proprietary.&quot;,&quot;While the software is open source, the hardware specifications are kept confidential. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Is the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) system, including its components and software, open source and available for public audit by independent experts?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;EVMs demand protection for 365 days every year, whereas ballot papers need protection for only about few months, hardly 3-6 months after the election. Any unprotected EVM at any time is susceptible to hackers manipulating it and installing malware.It's unrealistic to have robust security for EVMs all the time.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;48d771bd-143d-40fb-bead-1329f5d8d2f9&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All the time&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;60 days before and after election day&quot;,&quot;30 days before the election&quot;,&quot;365 days before the election&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How many days of security does an EVM require?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Data of all discrepancies is here.\n\nOnly three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal from Kerala and Lakshadweep)\n\n[Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Almost all polling stations&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;An insignificant number of polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than half of the polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than one-third of the polling stations&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;In how many constituency were discrepancies found between the number of voters polled on election day and the number of voters recorded in the EVMs during the vote-counting process in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
+<div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="evm"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;65448bbf-3caf-463a-8373-da96cea0c206&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;The practice of submitting multiple ballots by a single individual in an election where one ballot per person is allowed.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Ballot harvesting, where individuals collect and submit ballots on behalf of others without their consent.&quot;,&quot;Voter impersonation, where an individual votes using the identity of another eligible voter without their knowledge.&quot;,&quot;Ballot box tampering, where sealed ballot boxes are illegally accessed and ballots are altered or replaced. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following best describes ballot stuffing?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print while no voter is observing the paper trail, a form of [ballot stuffing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_stuffing). Even if additional votes were discovered through matching to the voters list, it would be impossible to identify legitimate ballots from fraudulent ballots.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;a1ae9861-25e2-49d4-88e2-2e283e4d0930&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;VVPAT could print ballots while no voter is observing the paper trail.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Voters themselves could engage in ballot stuffing by voting multiple times, through fake identity proof&quot;,&quot;Voters could exploit a vulnerability in the VVPAT system where it fails to record a vote on EVM but still prints a paper trail, allowing them to cast multiple votes without detection.&quot;,&quot;Election officials could replace legitimate VVPAT paper trails with fraudulent ones, inflating the vote count for a specific candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How can ballot stuffing occur in an election that a compromised VVPAT system?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2114e89b-8c80-4547-a18e-27a9a9092db6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, only the votes from a random sample of VVPAT machines approximately 1% of VVPAT votes are compared with EVM results.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, all VVPAT and EVM votes are meticulously compared to identify any discrepancies.&quot;,&quot;Yes, but only in close elections where the margin of victory is narrow.&quot;,&quot;No, the VVPAT is solely for voter assurance and has no impact on the official count. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Are VVPAT (Voter-Verified Paper Audit Trail) and EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) votes tallied after an election to ensure accuracy?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability in software security. By keeping the software development process closed and secretive, it becomes more challenging to identify and address security vulnerabilities. A more effective approach is to embrace open-source development, where the source code is publicly available for review and contribution by a community of developers and security experts.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;243aaeaa-4e7a-4187-a66e-f1153818a513&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Secrecy is a liability, as it hinders the identification and patching of security flaws by a wider community of experts.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Secrecy enhances software security by preventing malicious actors from exploiting vulnerabilities.&quot;,&quot;Secrecy fosters an environment of trust, as users perceive hidden mechanisms as more secure.&quot;,&quot;Open-source software exposes code to a wider range of attackers, increasing the risk of exploitation.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which statement best describes the impact of secrecy on software security?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;2573f0c4-1669-4c6d-bbdf-6b42ece47a61&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;No, the EVM system is proprietary, and only authorized personnel have access to its inner workings.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Yes, the EVM system is entirely open source, allowing for full transparency and public scrutiny.&quot;,&quot;The hardware components are open source, but the software remains closed-source and proprietary.&quot;,&quot;While the software is open source, the hardware specifications are kept confidential. &quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Is the EVM (Electronic Voting Machine) system, including its components and software, open source and available for public audit by independent experts?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;EVMs demand protection for 365 days every year, whereas ballot papers need protection for only about few months, hardly 3-6 months after the election. Any unprotected EVM at any time is susceptible to hackers manipulating it and installing malware.It's unrealistic to have robust security for EVMs all the time.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;48d771bd-143d-40fb-bead-1329f5d8d2f9&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All the time&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;60 days before and after election day&quot;,&quot;30 days before the election&quot;,&quot;365 days before the election&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How many days of security does an EVM require?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Data of all discrepancies is here.\n\nOnly three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal from Kerala and Lakshadweep)\n\n[Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Almost all polling stations&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;An insignificant number of polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than half of the polling stations&quot;,&quot;Less than one-third of the polling stations&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;In how many constituency were discrepancies found between the number of voters polled on election day and the number of voters recorded in the EVMs during the vote-counting process in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In many democratic countries that employ the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, elections are often decided by a small number of votes. Candidates frequently win or lose by margins of a few hundred or even fewer votes. In such scenarios, manipulating even a single EVM in a constituency can have a substantial impact. If an EVM is rigged to favor a particular candidate, it could potentially swing the result in their favor, especially in tightly contested races.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;e263ddd2-7f06-46a9-a3c8-5003f6f86dac&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;It can be significant as many candidates win or lose by a narrow margin under the First Past the Post (FPTP) system.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It has little impact on the overall results as it is just one to three machine.&quot;,&quot;The margin of victory is always substantial, so altering a few votes has no real consequence.&quot;,&quot;The impact depends on the population density of the constituency, with urban areas being less affected.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of manipulating a single to three Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in a constituency?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
 <h4 id="quiz-on-voting-method"><a class="header" href="#quiz-on-voting-method">Quiz on voting method</a></h4>
 <div class="quiz-placeholder" data-quiz-name="election-science"  data-quiz-questions="{&quot;questions&quot;:[{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In social choice theory and politics, the spoiler effect refers to a situation where a large group of like-minded voters split their votes among multiple candidates, which can affect the result of an election by allowing a candidate with a smaller base of support to win with a plurality.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;8abfbe52-31c2-4ea6-9dc2-f180569e1eb6&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;When a large group of like-minded voters split their votes among multiple candidates&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;When a large group of voters strategically vote for a single candidate to ensure their victory.&quot;,&quot;The impact of a charismatic candidate who attracts votes away from their party's traditional base.&quot;,&quot;The phenomenon where voters change their preference due to the influence of social media.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;What is the spoiler effect in the context of social choice theory and politics?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;In elections, there is a phenomenon known as the \&quot;spoiler effect,\&quot; where a minor candidate can impact the outcome by pulling votes away from a major candidate. This happens when voters who might otherwise support the major candidate are drawn to the minor candidate, resulting in a split of votes between them. As a consequence, the major candidate may lose the election, even though they had a higher initial support base. In such cases, the minor candidate is referred to as a \&quot;spoiler candidate,\&quot; and the major candidate is said to have been \&quot;spoiled.\&quot; This situation is also commonly known as \&quot;vote splitting,\&quot; highlighting how the distribution of votes among similar or allied candidates can unintentionally benefit another candidate or party.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;f99cb1be-3e74-4181-80ee-7168c3923d87&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot; It can result in the victory of a candidate with a smaller base of support, even if they are not the first choice of most voters.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It ensures that only candidates with broad appeal across different voter groups win.&quot;,&quot;It encourages candidates to focus their campaigns on appealing to a broad range of voters to avoid vote splitting.&quot;,&quot;The spoiler effect increases voter turnout, as more people are motivated to participate to support their preferred candidate.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;How does the spoiler effect influence election outcomes?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;c9c7f8e3-cc3b-418c-8f1d-5a2732629739&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Arrow's theorem states that all rank-based voting systems are inherently vulnerable to the spoiler effect.&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It proves that the spoiler effect can be eliminated through the use of advanced voting mechanisms.&quot;,&quot;It assumes that all voters participate and have equal influence in the election outcome.&quot;,&quot;It provides a theoretical basis for advocating for proportional representation or ranked-choice voting systems.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;What is Arrow's Impossibility Theorem?\n&quot;}},{&quot;id&quot;:&quot;b1cfc54c-40cd-465d-984d-9b1fb739a4cf&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Ordinal voting systems ones in which the voters rank candidates over other&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Rated voting systems&quot;,&quot;Approval voting systems&quot;,&quot;Direct democracy voting systems&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Arrow's Impossibility Theorem applies to which type of voting systems?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Arrow's Impossibility Theorem only applies to ordinal voting systems, ones in which the voters rank candidates over others. There is another way: rated voting systems. The simplest version is known as approval voting where instead of ranking the candidates, the voters just tick the candidates they approve of.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;38de6bcd-33a7-43a2-b966-6ac8fc28b0eb&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Approval voting&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;Majority rule voting&quot;,&quot;Ordinal voting&quot;,&quot;Plurality voting&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which voting system can help avoid vote splitting, according to alternatives to Arrow's Impossibility Theorem?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Many countries that were formerly part of the British Empire have inherited and continue to use the FPTP system as a result of their colonial legacy. This includes countries like the United Kingdom itself, the United States, Canada, India, Australia, and many others.\n&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;1e9c55bd-f7f5-4caf-8424-c180cbb77ca2&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;Former British colonies&quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;European Union members&quot;,&quot;None of the above&quot;,&quot;Nordic Countries&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Which group of countries predominantly uses the First-Past-the-Post (FPTP) voting method?\n&quot;}},{&quot;context&quot;:&quot;Approval Voting offers a solution to the \&quot;vote-splitting\&quot; or \&quot;spoiler effect,\&quot; issues where similar candidates can divide support and lead to an outcome not representative of the majority's true preferences. It encourages voters to express support for multiple preferred candidates, reducing strategic voting that fuels hyperpartisanship and polarization. Lastly, it is indeed simpler to tally compared to some other voting methods.\n\&quot;&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:&quot;64c59d0b-1693-4ca6-bc37-98c491300c2c&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;MultipleChoice&quot;,&quot;answer&quot;:{&quot;answer&quot;:&quot;All of the above. &quot;},&quot;prompt&quot;:{&quot;distractors&quot;:[&quot;It avoids vote-splitting or the spoiler effect.&quot;,&quot;It decreases hyperpartisanship and polarization.&quot;,&quot;It's easier to tally or count.&quot;],&quot;prompt&quot;:&quot;Why choose Approval Voting?\n&quot;}}]}" ></div>
 <p>What strategies has the BJP employed?</p>
diff --git a/src/chapters/election/evm.toml b/src/chapters/election/evm.toml
index e1d05b1..11020f8 100644
--- a/src/chapters/election/evm.toml
+++ b/src/chapters/election/evm.toml
@@ -109,3 +109,19 @@ Only three constituencies have no discrepancies. (Amreli from Gujarat, Attingal
 [Discrepancies EVM votes during polling and evm votes during counting](https://github.com/silicology/election_data_analysis/blob/main/data/voter_turnout_data/evm_turnout_matching/evm_voter_turnout_comparison.json)
 """
 id = "72c3b0f6-72f3-40ca-b930-dbe4ae799bff"
+
+[[questions]]
+type = "MultipleChoice"
+prompt.prompt = """
+Which of the following statements is true regarding the impact of manipulating a single to three Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) in a constituency?
+"""
+prompt.distractors = [
+    "It has little impact on the overall results as it is just one to three machine.",
+    "The margin of victory is always substantial, so altering a few votes has no real consequence.",
+    "The impact depends on the population density of the constituency, with urban areas being less affected.",
+]
+answer.answer = "It can be significant as many candidates win or lose by a narrow margin under the First Past the Post (FPTP) system."
+context = """
+In many democratic countries that employ the First Past the Post (FPTP) electoral system, elections are often decided by a small number of votes. Candidates frequently win or lose by margins of a few hundred or even fewer votes. In such scenarios, manipulating even a single EVM in a constituency can have a substantial impact. If an EVM is rigged to favor a particular candidate, it could potentially swing the result in their favor, especially in tightly contested races.
+"""
+id = "e263ddd2-7f06-46a9-a3c8-5003f6f86dac"